Abstract: With the shortage of land resources, underwater construction has become the necessary way for engineering development. At present, the research on underwater concrete is relatively systematic, but there is seldom report on the research on underwater 3D printing concrete. Underwater intelligent construction can be digital forming without formwork and can promote the development of deep-sea engineering, in which 3D printing concrete is its core construction technology. Currently, the design methods for underwater concrete and land 3D printed concrete lack technical pertinence to underwater intelligent construction process and service environment. In this paper, the optimization design process of underwater 3D printing concrete mix proportion has been established according to the mechanical properties, printability and underwater working performance. A serials of experimental studies were designed and carried out considering the influences of water binder ratio, mineral powder dosage, sand binder ratio, fine aggregate gradation, flocculant and thixotropic agent content. The results showed that the 28 d compressive strength of printed concrete decreased with the increase of water binder ratio, mineral powder ratio, sand binder ratio and other parameters. The water binder ratio has the most significant effect, followed by the mineral powder ratio, and the change of sand binder ratio and the flocculant agent content have little effect on material strength. Based on the experimental data and Boromir formula, an underwater 3D printing concrete mix proportion design model with high fitting accuracy is proposed. Considering the strength and underwater non-dispersibility of printed concrete, the optimum dosage of flocculant is 2% of the mass of cementitious material. The fluidity range of 165—190 mm can ensure the construction requirement of underwater printing. The time-varying vertical deformation prediction model is established with consideration of sand binder ratio, thixotropic agent content and fine aggregate gradation as basic variables, which has reliable accuracy and can be used to control the stability of underwater 3D printing concrete construction. It is first times to systematically study the underwater 3D printing concrete, establish the 3D printed concrete mix proportion optimization design process for underwater intelligent construction, and put forward the underwater 3D printed concrete strength design model and the vertical defor-mation prediction model during construction process, which provides theoretical basis and experimental reference for underwater intelligent construction. The 28 d compressive strength of optimized underwater printed specimen is up to 55 MPa, and the water land strength ratio reaches 93.9%, which can meet the performance requirements of underwater intelligent construction structure.
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2022, Vol. 36 
