State of the Arc for Titanium Alloy Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process and Microstructure Control
HUANG Jiankang1,*, WU Haosheng1, YU Xiaoquan1, LIU Guangyin1, YU Shurong2
1 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
Abstract: Titanium alloys have high strength, high temperature creep resistance, low density and good biocompatibility properties, which are widely used in aerospace, biomedicine and other fields. When using traditional machining and casting technologies to produce titanium alloy components, there are some problems such as complex production processes, low production efficiency, and difficult to form a complex structure at one time. Additive manufacturing, as an emerging manufacturing technology, has a wide application prospect in the production of titanium alloy with complex components since its unique layer by layer stacking process. Wire arc additive manufacture (WAAM) has the characteristics of high deposition efficiency, high utilization rate of materials, and low manufacturing cost. It is the earliest and most skillful process in the additive manufacturing. Due to the high solidification rate of liquid metal in the process of arc additive manufacturing, martensite, widmanstatten, and acicular α phase are easy formed in microstructure, which will greatly weaken the mechanical properties and cause anisotropy of mechanical properties. In addition, components made with WAAM also have disadvantages such as unsatisfactory surface quality, low dimensional accuracy, and large residual stress which limited the application of the WAAM. Therefore, it is necessary to control the microstructure and optimize the process to improve the performance of titanium alloy components. At present, there are two process methods to control the microstructure of titanium alloy parts:post heat treatment and real-time control. Post-heat treatment is an appropriate heat treatment for additive components to optimize the alloy microstructure and improve the properties of titanium alloy. The real-time control is mainly performed by adding alloy elements. It can also generate strengthening phase or refine grain. In addition, the combination of additive manufacturing and other auxiliary processes, such as interlayer cooling, shot peening, and ultrasonic impact treatment, can not only refine the grain, but also effectively release the residual stress. This paper first introduces the technological characteristics of titanium alloy arc additive manufacturing technology, summarizes several basic WAAM processes used to manufacture titanium alloy parts, and presents the microstructure and properties of titanium alloys under different processes. Process methods for optimizing the microstructure of titanium alloy parts and improving their mechanical properties are discussed. Finally, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of several current WAAM processes, as well as the methods of microstructure control, and looks forward future research focus of WAAM.
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2023, Vol. 37 
