Mg2(Si,Sn)基热电材料研究进展

材料导报

2020, Vol. 34

Issue (Z1): 43-47

无机非金属及其复合材料

Mg₂(Si,Sn)基热电材料研究进展

李鑫¹, 谢辉¹, 杨宾², 李双明²

1 西安航空学院材料工程学院,西安 710077;
2 西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室,西安 710072

Research Progress on the Mg₂(Si,Sn) Based Thermoelectric Materials

LI Xin¹, XIE Hui¹, YANG Bin², LI Shuangming²

1 School of Materials Engineering, Xi'an Aeronautical University, Xi'an 710077, China;
2 State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China

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摘要热电材料又称温差电材料,是利用固体中载流子和声子的输运及其相互作用实现热电相互转换的新型功能材料。热电材料可以将太阳辐射、工业废热、汽车尾气余热等转换成电能,对缓解污染和能源压力有重要意义。此外,热电制冷器件也具有低噪音、无污染、体积小和反应灵敏等压缩机制冷所不具备的优点,近年来受到研究者的广泛关注。材料的热电转换性能通过热电优值ZT表征,如何提高热电转换效率(即提高ZT值)成为研究者关注的热点。
作为最具潜质的中温区热电材料之一,Mg₂(Si,Sn)基热电材料由于其低廉的成本和无毒无害等优点,过去十几年被广泛研究。近年来,研究者们尝试了多种方法(如高频感应熔炼、固相反应加热压烧结、两步固相反应加放电等离子烧结和快速凝固加等离子活化烧结等)来获得高质量的Mg₂(Si,Sn)块体。除此之外,研究者们还利用能带工程、单元素和双元素掺杂等方法来进一步提高材料的ZT值,这些方法可以使合金的ZT值从0.5提高到1.55。但是这类基于固相反应加烧结来制备纳米级晶粒块体材料的方法存在反应不完全和服役过程中晶粒易发生长大等问题。而且由于Mg元素极高的化学活泼性和挥发性,以及组成合金的各元素之间较大的熔点差,给熔炼法制备Mg₂(Si,Sn)块体材料带来了很大的困难,极大地限制了材料热电性能的优化。因此,如何制备高质量的Mg₂(Si,Sn)块体材料成为亟待解决的难题。
本文综述了Mg₂(Si,Sn)基热电材料制备方法的最新研究进展,以及能带工程和掺杂元素的选择等ZT值优化途径,提出存在的问题和未来的发展方向。同时,本文提出采用材料定向凝固方法制备Mg₂(Si,Sn)单晶材料,并利用单晶各向异性来优化其热电性能,此方法有望解决纳米级晶粒块体材料服役过程中出现晶粒长大而导致的性能恶化问题,同时为此类合金热电材料的性能优化提供了新的思路。

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关键词: 定向凝固热电材料 Mg₂(Si,Sn) 能带工程

Abstract: Thermoelectric functional material can realize the conversion between thermal and electric energy by the carrier and phonon transport and interaction. Solar radiation, industrial and automobile waste heat can be converted to electric energy by thermoelectric materials. It has great significance to alleviate the pressure of environmental pollution and energy. In addition, because of the advantages of low noise, non-pollution, small size and sensitive response, thermoelectric device has received extensive attention from researchers in recent years. The performance of thermoelectric material is characterized by the figure of merit ZT. How to improve the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials, i.e. improve the ZT value, becomes the research hotspot.
As one of the most potential medium temperature thermoelectric materials, Mg₂(Si,Sn) alloy has been widely researched due to the advantage of low cost and non-toxic. Researchers have tried some synthetic methods to obtain high quality Mg₂(Si,Sn) bulk, such as high frequency induction melting, solid reaction and hot press sintering, two step solid reaction and spark plasma sintering, rapid solidification and plasma activated sintering. In addition, band engineering, single and double elements doping are also used to further optimize the performance, and the ZT values are improved from 0.5 to 1.55. However, this kind of bulk materials with nano-sized grains exists the problem of incomplete reaction and grain growth during service. Furthermore, the chemical activity and volatility of Mg and large melting point difference between elements bring great difficulties to the synthesis of Mg₂(Si,Sn) by melting methods, and extremely limited the optimization of thermoelectric performance. Therefore, preparation of high quality Mg₂(Si,Sn) bulk remains an urgent issue.
In this paper, the latest research progress of preparation processes, band engineering application, and the choice of doping elements for Mg₂(Si,Sn) based thermoelectric materials are summarized. The existing problems and development direction in the future are presented. We also put forward the method of Mg₂(Si,Sn) single crystal growth by directional solidification. And the thermoelectric performance can be optimized by the anisotropy of single crystal. This method is expected to solve the problem of performance deterioration caused by nano-sized grain growth during service. At the same time, a different path of thermoelectric performance optimization is put forward for this kind of alloys.

Key words: directional solidification thermoelectric materials Mg₂(Si,Sn) band engineering

发布日期: 2020-07-01

ZTFLH:

TG146.2+2

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金委青年项目(51904219);西安航空学院校级科研基金项目(2019KY0203)

作者简介: 李鑫,2018年6月毕业于西北工业大学材料学院,获得工学博士学位。现为西安航空学院材料工程学院讲师。目前主要研究领域为定向凝固、热电材料和第一性原理计算。

引用本文:

李鑫, 谢辉, 杨宾, 李双明. Mg₂(Si,Sn)基热电材料研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2020, 34(Z1): 43-47.
LI Xin, XIE Hui, YANG Bin, LI Shuangming. Research Progress on the Mg₂(Si,Sn) Based Thermoelectric Materials. Materials Reports, 2020, 34(Z1): 43-47.

链接本文:

http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/ 或 http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2020/V34/IZ1/43

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