Measurement Technological and Application Progress on the Electrical Conductivity of Ferrous Metallurgy Slag
WANG Haichuan1,2, ZHANG Chen1, LEI Jie1,2, WU Ting1,2,*
1 School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, Anhui, China 2 Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resource Recycling (Ministry of Education), Anhui University of Technology,Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, China
Abstract: Slag is an indispensable material and is important in the iron-and steel-making process. The electrical conductivity of slag is one of its essential properties. Because the electrical conductivity of high-temperature molten slag is closely related to the cation number and network polymerization, the structure of molten slag can be revealed by measuring its conductivity, which provides a theoretical basis for composition design and performance regulation. Owing to the complexity, as well as the uneven superior or inferior of the methods of measuring electrical conductivity, current research on the molten slag conductivity is limited. The main instruments for electrical conductivity measurement are the digital electric bridge and the electroche-mical workstation. Although the digital electric bridge measurement is faster compared to the electrochemical workstation measurement, the capacitance, inductance, and other factors in the conductivity cell inevitably affect the experimental results. Conversely, the electrochemical workstation test is a slow and complex process. However, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method, which is based on electrochemical measurement methodology, can reflect the capacitance and inductance in the conductance cell in the form of an equivalent circuit, thereby affording a higher accuracy. Moreover, chronoamperometry, which is derived from the electrochemical workstation methodology, can estimate the number of ion and electron migration through a high-temperature melt to comprehensively study the mechanisms of high-temperature melt conductivity. Conductivity measurement methods are categorized into two types: relative and absolute methods. The relative measurement method uses a standard solution or melt with a known conductivity to calibrate the conductivity cell constant before measuring the conductivity of the melt. However, owing to differences in conductivity cells, the precision of the measurement results is questionable; the operation is laborious, and the application scope is limited. Concerning the absolute measurement method, the calibration of the electrolytic cell constant is not required. However, during the measurement process, the resistance of high-temperature melt should be measured repeatedly; consequently, the measurement process is cumbersome and has complex calculations. Based on the intrinsic relationship between the properties of molten slag, the conductivity test is essential for studying the crystallization, glass transition temperature, melting point, and assimilation of high-temperature molten slag. However, when the molten slag conductivity is measured using the existing methods, the use of a DC voltage results in severe concentration polarization. Whereas the application of a high voltage is likely to make the molten slag electrolytic and cause chemical polarization. Both conditions will contribute to the uneven distribution of molten slag components and affect the test results. Therefore, the use of an AC voltage can reduce the experimental error. This paper reviews the measurement technology and application progress in the field of high-temperature molten slag conductivity. Furthermore, the test principles, equipment, methods, and applications are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of various test methods have been analyzed to provide theoretical guidance for the accurate measurement of the electrical conductivity of metallurgical molten slag.
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