建筑3D打印用胶凝材料及其相关性能研究进展

doi:10.11896/cldb.21080117

材料导报

2023, Vol. 37

Issue (12): 21080117-14 https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.21080117

无机非金属及其复合材料

建筑3D打印用胶凝材料及其相关性能研究进展

徐卓越¹, 李辉^1,2,3,*, 张大旺¹, 孙雪梅¹, 赵柯飞¹, 王悦莹¹

1 西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院,西安 710055
2 教育部生态水泥工程研究中心,西安 710055
3 陕西省生态水泥混凝土工程技术研究中心,西安 710055

Research Progress of Cementitious Materials and Related Properties for Building 3D Printing

XU Zhuoyue¹, LI Hui^1,2,3,*, ZHANG Dawang¹, SUN Xuemei¹, ZHAO Kefei¹, WANG Yueying¹

1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
2 Ecological Cement Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710055, China
3 Shaanxi Ecological Cement Concrete Engineering Technology Research Center, Xi’an 710055, China

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摘要 3D打印是一种基于数学模型利用机械设备增材制造的快速成型技术。近年来,3D打印在建筑行业得到快速发展。相对于传统成型工艺,建筑3D打印技术具有无需模板支撑、施工方便、设计自由度高等优点,因此受到了全世界研究人员和学者的广泛关注。
当前,普通硅酸盐水泥、快硬早强型特种水泥、复合型普通水泥、碱激发胶凝材料及石膏基胶凝材料等五大类胶凝材料在3D打印中已得到了一定的应用,但仍然存在不少问题。例如,一方面,与传统泵送混凝土不同,3D打印混凝土需要较快的凝结时间和强度发展速率来满足层间结构的压力,而普通硅酸盐水泥长达45 min的初凝时间和不迟于360 min的终凝时间无法满足打印构件层间作用力快速增长的要求;另一方面,水泥基3D打印胶凝材料的构件层间抵抗弯矩、剪力的能力不足。碱激发胶凝材料应用于3D打印主要存在凝结时间难以调控、体积收缩率大、容易产生开裂等问题。而石膏基胶凝材料存在耐水性差等问题。因此,对3D打印胶凝材料的开发与调控仍是很长一段时间内3D打印建筑研究的重点之一。
与此同时,3D打印技术在建筑行业应用的缺点也很突出:3D打印过程中无模板支撑,以逐层叠加的方式成型,一方面,无法直接添加钢筋,从而导致抗弯强度较低,另一方面,打印过程中造成的层间弱面和引入的空隙在一定程度上成为打印结构潜在的缺陷,造成构件的非均质性,削弱了结构的整体承载能力和长期耐久性能等,从而阻碍其广泛应用。这也意味着其成型工艺对新拌混凝土的性能及在3D打印中的特性提出了更高的挑战。
本文归纳了建筑3D打印用胶凝材料及其相关性能研究进展,分别对普通硅酸盐水泥、快硬早强型特种水泥、复合型普通水泥、碱激发胶凝材料及石膏基胶凝材料等五大类胶凝材料在建筑3D打印中的应用研究以及3D打印浆体的凝结时间与开放时间、流动性、挤出性、可建造性、粘结强度、各向异性强度及耐久性进行介绍,并总结了3D打印胶凝材料结构或构件的应用,分析了目前建筑3D打印面临的问题并展望其前景,以期为3D打印技术在建筑行业的应用及推动其进步提供参考。

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关键词: 建筑3D打印胶凝材料打印性能物理性能

Abstract: 3D printing is a rapid prototyping process based on mathematical models and mechanical additive production equipment. To date, 3D printing has been developed rapidly in the construction industry. Compared with the traditional molding process, 3D printing building technology has advantages of no template support, convenient construction and high design freedom. Therefore, it has been widely concerned by researchers and scholars all over the world.
Recently, ordinary portland cement, fast-hardening and early-strength special cement, composite ordinary cement, alkali-activated cementitious materials and gypsum-based cementing materials have been used in 3D printing. However, it still has many problems. For example, on the one hand, different from traditional pumping concrete, 3D printing concrete needs a faster setting time and strength development rate to meet the pressure of interlayer structure. Thus, the range of initial setting time and final setting time was no later than 45 min and 360 min of ordinary portland cement, respectively, which cannot meet the rapid growth rate of interlayer force of printing components. On the other hand, the ability of inter-layers of cement-based 3D printing cementitious materials is insufficient to resist bending moment and shear force. Alkali-activated materials for 3D printing exists some problems, namely difficulty to control the setting time, large volume shrinkage, and easy cracking. And the poor water resistance is the main issues of gypsum-based cementitious materials. Therefore, the development and regulation of materials is still one of the research focuses of 3D printing architecture for a long time.
At the same time, the application of 3D printing technology has some shortcomings on the construction industry;formed process was the layer-by-layer manner without template support. On the one hand, reinforcement cannot be added directly in this way resulting in lower flexural strength. On the other hand, the weak interlayer surfaces and the introduced voids caused by this method become potential defects of the printed structure to a certain extent, resulting in the heterogeneity of the components, weakening the overall bearing capacity and long-term durability of the structure, etc. It hinders wide application of 3D printing concrete. And it also means that its forming process presents a higher challenge on the performance of fresh concrete and its properties in 3D printing.
In this paper, the research progress of cementitious materials for building 3D printing and their related properties are summarized. The application research of five types of building 3D printing are introduced, such as ordinary portland cement, fast hardening and early strength special cement, compound ordinary cement, alkali-activated materials, and gypsum-based materials. Setting time and opening time, fluidity, extrusion, buildability, bond strength, anisotropic strength and durability of 3D printing pastes are also introduced. The application of 3D printing cementitious materials structure or component is summarized. The problems faced by 3D printing of buildings are analyzed, and its developments are prospected, which in order to provide reference for the application of 3D printing technology in the construction industry.

Key words: construction 3D printing binder material printing property mechanical property

出版日期: 2023-06-25 发布日期: 2023-06-20

ZTFLH:

TU528

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1903804);国家自然科学基金青年项目(52002307);陕西省教育厅科研计划项目(21JY020)

通讯作者: * 李辉,西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院院长、教授、博士研究生导师。1994年7月本科毕业于西安建筑科技大学材料系,2011年7月在西安建筑科技大学材料与矿资学院材料学专业取得博士学位。主要从事固废资源化利用和建筑3D打印的研究。近年来,在固废资源化利用等领域发表论文几十篇,包括Chemical Engineering Journal、Construction and Building Materials和Journal of Hazardous Materials等。sunshine_lihui@126.com

作者简介: 徐卓越,2014年7月毕业于河南城建学院,获得工学学士学位。现为西安建筑科技大学材料科学与工程学院博士研究生,在李辉教授和张大旺博士后的指导下进行研究。目前主要研究领域为混凝土3D打印。

引用本文:

徐卓越, 李辉, 张大旺, 孙雪梅, 赵柯飞, 王悦莹. 建筑3D打印用胶凝材料及其相关性能研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(12): 21080117-14.
XU Zhuoyue, LI Hui, ZHANG Dawang, SUN Xuemei, ZHAO Kefei, WANG Yueying. Research Progress of Cementitious Materials and Related Properties for Building 3D Printing. Materials Reports, 2023, 37(12): 21080117-14.

链接本文:

http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/10.11896/cldb.21080117 或 http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2023/V37/I12/21080117

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