Advances in Luminescence Mechanism, Preparation and Biological Application of Upconversion Nanoparticles
LI Jingzhi1,2, GAO Zhixian1, LI shuang1, ZHAO Xudong1, QIN Yingkai1, LIU Hui2, HAN Tie1
1 Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin 300050, China 2 School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Abstract: As a new class of fluorescent-labeled materials, rare-earth doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can absorb long wavelength near-infrared photons and emit short wavelength UV visible photons. It is capable of efficiently converting two or more low energy photons into high-energy photons. UCNPs have overcome the shortcomings of the traditional fluorescent labeling materials such as low sensitivity and poor photostability, and have become one of the promising alternatives to the traditional labeling materials. UCNPs excited by NIR have many advantages, such as large anti-stokes shift, little damage to biological tissues, high tissue penetration ability, high conversion efficiency, no background fluorescence interference and no photo-bleaching effect. Therefore, it has become a new focus in many fields such as biosensing, imaging, targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy and analytical applications for bio-detection due to its outstanding characteristics. In this review, we briefly described the composition, luminescence mechanism and main synthetic methods of UCNPs, and focused on the recent progress in sen-sing, imaging and therapeutic applications. Finally, we reasonably analyzed the current insufficient of UCNPs and gave an outlook on its future development.
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