高性能锂金属电池负极结构设计及界面强化研究进展

doi:10.11896/cldb.21010216

材料导报

2022, Vol. 36

Issue (16): 21010216-11 https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.21010216

金属与金属基复合材料

高性能锂金属电池负极结构设计及界面强化研究进展

姚诗言, 曾立艳, 刘军^*

华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院,广东省先进储能材料重点实验室,广州 510641

Research Progress in Structure Design and Interface Enhancement of Lithium Anode for High-performance Lithium Metal Batteries

YAO Shiyan, ZENG Liyan, LIU Jun^*

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

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摘要锂离子电池(LIBs)作为目前使用最广泛的二次电池,绝大多数以理论比容量较低的石墨(372 mAh/g)为负极,已无法满足人们日益增长的对电池储能性能的要求。金属锂因其超高的理论比容量(3 860 mAh/g)和最低的还原电势(-3.04 V,相比于氢标准电极)被看作是下一代高能量密度可充电锂电池最理想的负极材料。尤其是当金属锂与硫、氧组成锂-硫或锂-氧电池体系时,其理论能量密度远超锂离子电池,受到研究者的广泛关注。
   然而,库伦效率低和稳定性差一直是限制锂金属电池商业化应用的关键因素。当金属锂直接用作电池负极时,其易与电解液反应,在其表面形成一层脆弱的固态电解质中间相(SEI)膜。电池循环时,负极体积膨胀会破坏SEI膜,诱导锂枝晶和“死锂”形成,造成不可逆的容量损失。此外,锂枝晶生长至一定程度后会刺穿隔膜,导致电池内部短路甚至发生爆炸,引发严重的安全问题。
   为了解决上述问题,研究者们在锂金属负极失效机制、结构设计及界面强化等方面进行了许多探索。一些研究枝晶生长的理论模型如Chazalviel-Brissot模型、Yamaki模型和静电屏蔽模型等已受到广泛认可。在此基础上,研究者们尝试通过设计三维集流体、表面改性集流体以及构筑原位或人工SEI膜的方式来抑制锂枝晶生长和缓解体积效应,并取得了一定成果。
   本文系统地介绍了几种典型的锂金属负极失效机制,着重总结了近年来研究者们在锂金属负极结构设计和界面强化方面的研究进展,最后分析了锂金属电池研究中仍存在的问题并给出了一些建议,以期为早日实现锂金属电池的商业化应用提供参考。

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关键词: 锂金属电池锂金属负极固态电解质中间相锂枝晶结构设计界面强化

Abstract: As the most widely used secondary battery at present, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with graphite anode cannot meet the increasing demands for high energy density storage systems in consequence of the low theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh/g). Among all anode candidates, metallic Li has been regarded as the most promising anode for the next generation rechargeable batteries, due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity of 3 860 mAh/g and its lowest redox potential (-3.04 V, versus standard hydrogen electrode). Especially, when Li is coupled with high-energy non-Li-containing cathodes such as S and O₂, the assembled Li-S and Li-O₂ batteries boast a much higher energy density than LIBs, thus deserving to be intensively investigated.
However, low Coulombic efficiency and poor stability have been crucial factors limiting the commercial application of lithium metal batte-ries (LMBs). When directly used as the negative electrode, metallic Li is easy to react with electrolytes, forming a chemically unstable and mechanically fragile solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) between them. The repeated rupture of SEI caused by the drastic volume expansion of anode du-ring continuous cycling will induce the dendrites growth and ‘dead Li' formation, leading to irreversible capacity loss. Furthermore, when lithium dendrites grow to a certain extent, they will penetrate the separator, resulting in cell shorting or even explosion, thus causing serious safety ha-zard.
Extensive efforts have been devoted to dealing with the issues mentioned above, including failure mechanism exploration, structure design and interface enhancement of lithium metal anode. Some advanced technologies, such as introducing 3D, surface modified current collectors and building in-situ/artificial SEI on lithium anode, are effectively applied to inhibit the dendrite growth and alleviate the volume effect based on the widely accepted theoretical models like Chazalviel-Brissot model, Yamaki model and electrostatic shielding model.
This review systematically introduces several typical failure mechanisms of lithium metal anodes and emphatically summarizes the recent key progress in structure design and interface enhancement strategies of lithium metal anode. After analyzing the remaining challenges, some suggestions are also provided to accelerate the commercialization of LMBs.

Key words: lithium metal battery lithium metal anode solid electrolyte interphase lithium dendrite structure design interface enhancement

出版日期: 2022-08-25 发布日期: 2022-08-29

ZTFLH:

TM912

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(51771076);广东省珠江人才计划(2017GC010218);广东省重点研发计划(2020B0101030005)

通讯作者: ^*msjliu@scut.edu.cn

作者简介: 姚诗言,2020年6月毕业于华南理工大学,获得工学学士学位。现为华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院硕士研究生,在刘军教授的指导下进行研究。目前主要研究领域为高容量锂金属电池锂金属负极设计优化。刘军,2010年获大连理工大学博士学位,国家海外高层次人才青年项目入选者,现任华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院教授。主要从事高能量密度锂离子电池、钠离子电池、锂硫电池、金属空气电池、固体电解质等新型储能材料与器件研究。迄今为止已在Energy Environ. Sci.、J. Am. Chem. Soc.、Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.、Adv. Mater.、Adv. Energy Mater.等国际著名学术刊物上发表SCI论文150余篇(第一/通讯作者100余篇),论文总被引用10 000余次,h指数52。

引用本文:

姚诗言, 曾立艳, 刘军. 高性能锂金属电池负极结构设计及界面强化研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2022, 36(16): 21010216-11.
YAO Shiyan, ZENG Liyan, LIU Jun. Research Progress in Structure Design and Interface Enhancement of Lithium Anode for High-performance Lithium Metal Batteries. Materials Reports, 2022, 36(16): 21010216-11.

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http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/10.11896/cldb.21010216 或 http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2022/V36/I16/21010216

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