Abstract: Since the discovery of hydroxyapatite (HA), researchers all over the world started to explore its potential applications in many fields, especially in biological tissue materials, drug carriers, sewage treatments, and even in catalytic fields, but HA still has many shortcomings, especially in applications as biological tissue materials. Although HA is considered to be a good bone substitute, it is slightly different from bioapatite in terms of structure, crystallinity, solubility, composition, and bioavailability. In fact, most of the bioapatite contains a small amount of impurity ions and is weakly crystallized and non-stoichiometric. The main impurity ions are CO32- and trace amounts of Na+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Cl- and F-. Among them, the role of CO32- in bone metabolism is crucial, which accounts for about 3%—8% of the weight of calcified tissue, and can vary according to age factors. Furthermore, HA is the least soluble and most stable substance in calcium phosphate, which is highly disadvantageous as it could reduce the rate of bone regeneration during implantation. Therefore, the CO32- substituted HA may have great potential applications in the fields of bone-related therapies. Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) is formed by the partial substitution of CO32- ions in HA lattice. It is a special kind of isomorphism material to HA, and has many properties superior to HA. Firstly, because of the presence of CO32- ion, the lattice structure of HA could be destroyed in a considerable extent, resulting in the development of special feature of solubility which is not exhibited by HA and it exhibits better bioresorbability. Secondly, the CHA can be produced by different methods of synthesis and annealed at various sintering temperatures, resulting in its formation with different morphologies and surface structures. These products have better biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, larger specific surface area and good mechanical properties. Presently, researchers have synthesized CHA with hollow and porous structure, with characteristic morphology of flower like cluster units or dandelion like structures. As the three dimensional morphology has larger specific surface area and internal space, its adsorption capacity and drug loading increases accordingly. At the same time, the porous structures could facilitate the continual release of drug and bone fusion. In this review, the synthesis and characteristic properties of CHA are discussed. The effect of various preparation methods, their recent application and the development of CHA are reviewed. The challenges and future developmental prospects of CHA are briefly discussed. This article is expected to provide a reference for the preparation of other kinds of HA modified materials with better physiochemical properties.
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2020, Vol. 34 
