Abstract: Nanomaterials have excellent optical, mechanical and electrical properties, but many nanomaterials’ applications are not based on individual nano-objects but rather on ordered structures. Self-assembly is arguably the most efficient way for achieving organize nano-objects as it can make large numbers of individual particles into ordered structures. Ideal self-assembly is the process during which a collection of disorganized re-latively simple building block units combining into a minimal thermodynamic energy equilibrium ordered structure driven by the appropriate interaction force. If building block units were assembly in kinetics control process, it could lead to the formation of either precipitate or amorphous gels. Thus, the key of nanoscopic components assembly into lager structures is understanding the quantitative detail of interparticle interactions and manipulate it. The results of competition between thermodynamic control and dynamic control are determined by the distance of interaction forces. The ideal driving force for self-assembly is the long-range force relative to the size of the building block units. Van der Waals force is a relatively short-range interaction force which acts appreciably over only molecular dimensions, could be utilized in smaller nanoscopic building block units which is most a few to tens of times larger than molecular length scales. Larger particles such as micrometer-scale colloids interacting through similar short-range attractive forces will invariably aggregate to form disordered precipitates or gels. In addition to the interaction length scale, the magnitude of the interaction forces can also affect the results of self-assembly system. Dynamically controlled disordered aggregates will be formed when the strength of interaction force in self-assembly system exceeds a certain range. This review describes several interparticle forces including van der Waals force, electrostatic interaction, magnetic force, hydrogen bond, DNA base pair interaction, cross-linking interaction and molecular dipole interaction that can be used in nanoscale self-assembly. The magnitude and length scale of each type of interaction and the scaling with particle size and interparticle distance are discussed. The discussion emphasized on the unique characteristics to the nanoscale. When estimates the potential of interaction, limitations of theoretical simulations and examples of recent experimental systems are discussed.
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2020, Vol. 34 
