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材料导报  2023, Vol. 37 Issue (5): 21030018-11    https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.21030018
  金属与金属基复合材料 |
环境友好型土壤重金属修复技术及其应用
张建广, 陈全, 田路萍, 施柯廷, 吴敏*
昆明理工大学环境科学与工程学院,云南省土壤固碳与污染控制重点实验室,昆明 650500
Environmental-friendly Remediation Technology and Its Application in Heavy Metal Polluted Soil
ZHANG Jianguang, CHEN Quan, TIAN Luping, SHI Keting, WU Min*
Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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摘要 针对全球土壤重金属污染不容忽视的现状,国内外学者在土壤修复方面进行了大量研究。当前的土壤修复政策和评价标准主要指向土壤中重金属总量的减少,忽略了重金属的形态变化。然而重金属形态才是影响其生物有效性和毒性的关键因素。
2019年我国农业农村部规定在土壤污染的治理中,在达成基本目标的同时应优先考虑修复方法对土壤性质的损伤风险以及环境污染风险,防止二次污染,保证耕地可持续利用。因此,如何在对土壤环境产生最低甚至无损害的前提下减少重金属总量或改变重金属形态从而降低其风险是土壤污染修复的热点。
虽然土壤重金属污染修复技术众多,但目前对土壤无损伤且有效的土壤修复技术有固定/稳定化、植物和微生物修复这三种。固定/稳定化技术可以短期内降低土壤重金属有效性,但易失去钝化效果,导致被固定重金属的重新活化;植物、微生物修复可稳定改变重金属有效性和总量,但其修复周期长,环境限制大。
本文主要就上述三种环境友好型修复技术进行了总结分析,阐述了各修复技术的作用机制、优缺点、环境风险和应用前景,并从提高重金属生物有效性、调节生物代谢活动、吸附钝化重金属、改善土壤修复环境四个方面阐述了不同强化方式的原理、修复效果、优势以及缺陷,然后通过联合修复取长补短、强化修复途径,极大地提高重金属污染土壤修复的效率,为当前重金属污染土壤修复技术开拓思路。
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张建广
陈全
田路萍
施柯廷
吴敏
关键词:  土壤污染  生物有效性  形态  微生物  生物修复    
Abstract: Because of the widely reported soil pollution by heavy metals, scholars have conducted a lot of researches on soil remediation. At present, soil remediation policies and evaluation criteria are mainly based on the reduction of the total amount of heavy metals in soil, without enough focus on the speciation change of heavy metals. However, it has be well accepted that heavy metal speciation is the key factor affecting their bioavailability and toxicity.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China stipulated in 2019 that in the control of soil pollution, it is essential to ensure the sustainable use of cultivated land after evaluating remediation technique to the damage and pollution risks to soil. Therefore, how to change the forms of heavy metals and make the agricultural products meet the standards under the premise of minimal or even no damage to the soil environment is a hot spot of soil pollution remediation.
The immobilization/stabilization, plant extraction and microbial remediation techniques are considered environmental-friendly methods to improve soil quality after reducing the bioavailable species or even the total amount of heavy metals in soils. The immobilization/stabilization can reduce the bioavailable fractions of heavy metals in a short term, while its effect can easily disappear in natural scenarios, resulting in the reactivation of fixed heavy metals. Although the phytoremediation and microbial remediation can stably change the bioavailable fractions and total amount of heavy metals, the applications are restricted to the remediation cycle and environmental restrictions.
In this paper, the mechanisms of above three techniques were summarized and analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages, environmental risks and application prospects of each remediation technology were expounded. The principles, remediation effects, advantages and defects of different remediation methods were discussed in details from four aspects: improving the bioavailability of heavy metals, promoting biological metabolic activities, adsorbing and immobilizing heavy metals, and improving the soil remediation environment. In order to break through the bottlenecks existing in single remediation techniques and deal with the complex pollution of heavy metals, combined remediations are highly recommended to improve the efficiency of soil remediation. This review paper will provide useful information to develop effective remediation technology for heavy metal contaminated soils.
Key words:  soil pollution    bioavailability    speciation    microorganism    phytoremediation
出版日期:  2023-03-10      发布日期:  2023-03-14
ZTFLH:  X53  
基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(41977334; 42067055);云南省重点科技计划项目(202101AW070008; 202001AS070015)
通讯作者:  *吴敏,昆明理工大学环境科学与工程学院教授、博士研究生导师。2002年本科毕业于武汉大学,2005年获得北京大学硕士学位,2012年获得昆明理工大学博士学位,2014—2015年在美国麻省大学农学院进行博士后研究。从污染物环境归趋行为研究入手,针对土壤修复、改良、生物毒理学中的关键科学问题展开基础性研究。主持5项国家基金,发表学术论文80余篇,其中48篇被SCI收录。minwup@kust.edu.cn   
作者简介:  张建广,昆明理工大学环境科学与工程学院硕士研究生,在云南省土壤固碳与污染控制重点实验室进行土壤重金属污染修复与治理方面的研究。
引用本文:    
张建广, 陈全, 田路萍, 施柯廷, 吴敏. 环境友好型土壤重金属修复技术及其应用[J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(5): 21030018-11.
ZHANG Jianguang, CHEN Quan, TIAN Luping, SHI Keting, WU Min. Environmental-friendly Remediation Technology and Its Application in Heavy Metal Polluted Soil. Materials Reports, 2023, 37(5): 21030018-11.
链接本文:  
http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/10.11896/cldb.21030018  或          http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2023/V37/I5/21030018
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