Abstract: With the development of intelligent communication systems, wireless network devices and electronic detection equipments, the influence of space electromagnetic wave radiation on equipments is increasing, electromagnetic wave shielding technologies have more and more applications in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI) design, and aircraft stealth. At present, the traditional absorbing materials such as ferrite, silicon carbide and graphite generally have the disadvantages of narrow absorption band and weak absorption performance. Generally, their absorbing properties are improved by doping modifications, but such materials have a large thickness with a no-ideal absorbing ability, which increase the mass of equipments and unable to achieve the purpose of aircraft weight reduction. In recent years, new lightweight and broadband absorbing materials represented by nano absorbing materials, composite conductive polymer, graphene absorbing materials, and metamaterials are getting more and more attention. Electromagnetic wave shielding mechanism is based on the reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves. A large number of studies have shown that the parameters for electromagnetic wave energy attenuation, such as absorption frequency, absorption thickness and absorption bandwidth, are closely related to the composition and micro-structure of the absorbing material. In order to obtain a lightweight broadband electromagnetic wave absorbing material, on one hand, electromagnetic waves should enter the inside of materials as much as possible through the surface of the medium, which requires the material to have good spatial impedance matching; on the other hand, it should enter the inside of the material as much as possible, meanwhile the electromagnetic waves entering the inside of the material should be attenuated and converted into heat or other forms of energy as much as possible, which requires the absorbing material to have as high electrical loss or magnetic loss as possible. Ferrite materials have good impedance matching at low frequency, but when the frequency of microwave is high, hysteresis effect and eddy current effect are weakened, so we can improve its absorbing properties by element doping, preparing nanomaterials or surface treatment technology. Metallic magnetic materials have simpler lattice structure than ferrite, and there is no mutual offset of magnetic moment of magnetic sub-grids as ferrite, therefore, their theoretical wave absorption value is higher than ferrite, nano/micro structure metal magnetic materials have become a new generation of lightweight and broadband wave-absorbing materials. Conductive polymers as absorbing materials can greatly reduce the mass of the product, because through modification methods its conductivity and dielectric constant can been adjusted, and by adding metal, metal oxide or carbon fiber, the impedance matching of the material can be effectively enhanced. Carbon-based electromagnetic wave shielding materials with the advantages of light weight, corrosion resistance and easy processing are representative of lightweight ultra-thin absorbing materials, which can enhance their electromagnetic loss by improving the natural resonance, the heterostructure interface, and the electromagnetic coupling. The metamaterial absorbing structures can absorb electromagnetic waves in a wide frequency range by regulating the structure and arrangement of the constituent elements. Lightweight broadband absorbing materials have important military applications, and also a broad application prospects in civil electromagnetic interference protection. This review begins with different electromagnetic shielding mechanisms and intrinsic properties of materials, introduces several new types of broadband absorbing materials, studies the relationship between electromagnetic wave absorption properties and microstructures of different absorbers, summarizes the mechanism for achieving broadband and lightweight absorption, provides theoretical technical support for the preparation of absorbing materials with excellent performance as well as research ideas for the development of the new generation of high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.
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2020, Vol. 34 
