Abstract: Magnesium alloys are prone to defects such as microcracks, shrinkage porosity, and segregation during the forming process, which restricts their broader application. To address this, a comprehensive study of the rheological behavior during the forming process of magnesium alloys is crucial. Specifically, the development of constitutive models plays a key role in enabling the production of low-cost, high-quality magnesium alloy components and ensuring the reliability and accuracy of virtual manufacturing. This paper offers a thorough review of the constitutive models used in high-temperature forming of magnesium alloys in recent years, which mainly cover classical models, including both phenomenological and physics-based approaches, such as the Johnson-Cook, Arrhenius, and Zerilli-Armstrong models;multiscale models, such as crystal plasticity finite element models, phase-field models, and molecular dynamics models;and machine learning-based models, including artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and deep learning models. And also analyzes the suitability, advantages, and disadvantages of each model and anticipates future directions in the development of constitutive models for magnesium alloys, providing valuable theoretical insights for the advancement of new magnesium alloys and processing techniques.
1 Liu B, Yang J, Zhang X Y, et al. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2023, 11, 15. 2 Yang J R, Zhu Z Q, Han A J, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 1008, 176707. 3 Zhang Z, Xie J, Zhang J, et al. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2024, 12(5), 1774. 4 Lei Y, Wang Z Y, Kang G Z. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2023, 11(9), 3255. 5 Zhao Z Y, Wang J B, Du W B, et al. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023, 18(1), 21. 6 Harikrishna K, Bhowmik A, Davidson M, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 28, 1523. 7 Wang Y T, Zeng X G, Chen H Y, et al. Results in Physics, 2021, 27, 104498. 8 Li G, Li B, Bai X Y, et al. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2024, 13, 38. 9 Baydoun S, Fartas M, Fouvry S. Tribology International, 2023, 177, 107936. 10 Johnson G R, Cook W H. In:Proceedings 7th international symposium on ballistics. The Hague, 1983, pp. 541. 11 Murugesan M, Yu J H, Chung W, et al. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(14), 5088. 12 Wang Y J, Zhou D, Zhou Y, et al. Crystals, 2021, 11(7), 754. 13 Lin Y C, Chen X M. Materials & Design, 2011, 32(4), 1733. 14 Zhang B, Shang X D, Yao S, et al. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 2019, 38, 699. 15 Meyers M A, Chen Y J, Marquis F D S, et al. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1995, 26(10), 2493. 16 Hou Q Y, Wang J T. Computational Materials Science, 2010, 50(1), 147. 17 Mirza F A, Chen D L, Li D J, et al. Journal of Rare Earths, 2013, 31(12), 1202. 18 Tang W R, Liu S M, Liu Z, et al. MaterialsScience and Engineering:A, 2020, 780, 139208. 19 Li Z J, Wang J G, Yan R F, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, 16, 1339. 20 Sellars C, McTegart W J. Acta Metallurgica, 1966, 14, 1136. 21 Zener C, Hollomon J H. Journal of Applied Physics, 1944, 15, 22. 22 Bayat-Tork N, Mahmudi R, Hoseini-Athar M M. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(6), 15346. 23 Zhang L, Wu X Y, Zang X F, et al. Materials, 2022, 15(11), 3914. 24 Liu Q B, Luan S Y, Liu X Y. Materials Today Communications, 2024, 39, 109154. 25 Li X J, Wang J H, Jiang Y T, et al. Metals, 2022, 12(9), 1431. 26 Li B, Duan Y H, Zheng S J, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 26, 9139. 27 Wang C H, Yang G Y, Ouyang S X, et al. Physica Status Solid A, 2023, 220(21), 2300434. 28 Xia X S, Zhang K, Ma M L, et al. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2020, 8(3), 917. 29 Fields D S, Backofen W A. Proceeding of American Society for Testing and Materials, 1957, 57, 1259. 30 Cheng Y Q, Zhang H, Chen Z H, et al. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, 208(1-3), 29. 31 Luo R P, Huang L, Dai X, et al. Journal of Plasticity Engineering, 2015, 22(1), 82(in Chinese). 罗仁平, 黄雷, 戴儇, 等. 塑性工程学报, 2015, 22(1), 82. 32 Li Q, Jin Z Y. Forging & Stamping Technology, 2021, 46(3), 221(in Chinese). 李全, 金朝阳. 锻压技术, 2021, 46(3), 221. 33 Jia W T, Xu S, Le Q C, et al. Materials & Design, 2016, 106, 120. 34 Khan A S, Huang S. International Journal of Plasticity, 1992, 8(4), 397. 35 Khan A S, Liang R Q. International Journal of Plasticity, 2000, 16(12), 1443. 36 Farrokh B, Khan A S. International Journal of Plasticity, 2009, 25(5), 715. 37 Molinari A, Ravichandran G. Mechanics of Materials, 2005, 37(7), 737. 38 Lin Y C, Liu G. Computational Materials Science, 2010, 48(1), 54. 39 Zerilli F J, Armstrong R W. High strain rate effects on polymer, metal and ceramic matrix composites and other advanced materials:the 1995 ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition november 12-17, San Francisco, California, 1995. 40 Li F, Zhu C C, Li S J, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, 20, 3918. 41 Sun Y, Li G, He Z, et al. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2022, 236(9), 4921. 42 Jaimin A, Mahalle G, Kotkunde N, et al. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 2023, 10(4), 3147. 43 Samantaray D, Mandal S, Bhaduri A K. Computational Materals Science, 2009, 47(2), 568. 44 Cao F R, Guo H Z, Guo N P, et al. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(4), 1639. 45 Li Q, Jin C Y. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2021, 31(8), 2091 (in Chinese). 李全, 金朝阳. 中国有色金属学报, 2021, 31(8), 2091. 46 Mecking H, Kocks U F. Acta Metallurgica, 1981, 29(11), 1865. 47 Afrin N, Chen D L, Cao X, et al. Scripta Materialia, 2007, 57, 1004. 48 Kreyca J, Kozeschnik E. International Journal of Plasticity, 2018, 103, 67. 49 Mishra S, Khan F, Panigrahi S K. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2022, 10(9), 2546. 50 Horstemeyer M F. In:Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) for metals:using multiscale modeling to invigorate engineering design with science. Metals & Materials Society, United States, 2012, pp. 1. 51 Kocks U F. Metallurgical Transactions, 1970, 1, 1121. 52 Follansbee P S, Kocks U F. Acta Metallurgica, 1988, 36(1), 81. 53 Follansbee P S. In:Recent results and continued development of the MTS (mechanical threshold stress) model. United States, 1988, pp. 1. 54 Puchi-Cabrera E S. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2003, 34, 2837. 55 Naghdi F, Mahmudi R, Kang J K, et al. Materials Science and Enginee-ring:A, 2017, 696, 536. 56 Xu J B, Holmedal B, Hopperstad O S, et al. International Journal of Plasticity, 2022, 151, 103215. 57 Wang L H, Yang B, Li Z Y. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2021, 74(11), 2801. 58 Zhu H, Ou H G. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2022, 832, 142473. 59 Jia X D, Hao K M, Luo Z, et al. Metals, 2022, 12(12), 2077. 60 Taylor G I. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 1934, 145(855), 362. 61 Schmid E, Boas W. Kristallplastizitat. Struktur und eigenschaften der materie in einzeldarstellungen, Germany, 1935, pp. 15. 62 Hill R, Rice J R. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 1972, 20(6), 401. 63 Feather W G, Savage D J, Knezevic M. International Journal of Plasticity, 2021, 143, 103031. 64 Bong H J, Lee J, Hu X H, et al. International Journal of Plasticity, 2020, 126, 102630. 65 Yaghoobi M, Chen Z, Sundararaghavan V, et al. Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation, 2021, 10, 488. 66 Wang Y B, Zhang Y, Liu X T, et al. Crystals, 2022, 12(9), 1305. 67 Zhu N Y, Sun C Y, Li Y L, et al. Computational Materials Science, 2021, 200, 110858. 68 Cai Y, Sun C Y, Li Y L, et al. International Journal of Plasticity, 2020, 133, 102773. 69 Wu Y, Luo Q, Qin E W. Materials Today Communications, 2020, 22, 100790. 70 Yang Q, Xue C, Chu Z. et al. Applied Physics A, 2021, 127, 482. 71 Wei Q M, Ramesh K T, Hufnagel T C, et al. Mechanics of Materials, 2021, 163, 104084. 72 Li G, Li B, Bai X Y, et al. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2024, 12(10), 3898. 73 Wu Z, Li Q A, Chen X Y, et al. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2024, 46(10), 1797(in Chinese). 吴峥, 李全安, 陈晓亚, 等. 工程科学学报, 2024, 46(10), 1797. 74 Wang T, Chen Y Z, Ouyang B, et al. Materials Science and Enginee-ring:A, 2021, 816, 141259. 75 Mishra S K, Brahma A, Dutta K. Sādhanā, 2021, 46, 139. 76 Mokhtari M A, Nikzad M H. Materials Today Communications, 2024, 40, 109476. 77 Gurgenc T, Altay O, Ulas M, et al. Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, 127(18), 185103. 78 Liu Y F, Yang T, Liu Q B, et al. Journal of Materials Science, 2024, 59, 8492. 79 Li N, Zhao S, Zhang Z. In:2021 IEEE 6th International Conference on Big Data Analytics. Xiamen, 2021, pp. 51. 80 Moses A, Chen D, Wan P, et al. Materials Today Communications, 2023, 37, 107285. 81 Moses A, Gui Y, Chen B Z, et al. Mechanics of Materials, 2024, 199, 105168.