1 Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China 2 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, China 3 Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
Abstract: Biochar, as a low-cost and highly effective adsorbent, is produced by pyrolyzing agricultural waste or other solid biomass at low temperatures. Many contaminants adsorbed on biochar due to its porous structure and large specific surface area. In addition, biochars have large cation exchange capacities and abundant active functional groups, which enabled their important role in the immobilization of heavy metals, carbon sequestration in soils, and soil function improvement. The dissolvable composition of biochar is complex, including dissolved organic matter, dissolved black carbon (DBC), and inorganic minerals. Among them, the content of DBC in biochars is large. The functional groups such as carboxyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group, which enables DBC to interact with contaminants strongly. However, the effects of the properties of DBC for the adsorption, migration and transformation of contaminants on DBC are not clear. DBC, as a relatively independent colloidal particle, except for a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups, it has a high content of aromatic and aliphatic structures. Therefore, DBC can interact with inorganic mineral particles when it enters into the soils, and thus the DBC is stable in soils if the organo-mineral complexes is formed, this process may play an important role in promoting the formation of soil aggregates, but researchers have not pay attention to these processes at present. Compared with the conventional dissolved organic matter, the higher aromatic ring density of DBC has great impact on the adsorption characteristics of inorganic minerals. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to summarize the effects of properties of DBC, types of inorganic minerals for the interaction between DBC and inorganic mineral particles, and the characteristics of soils after the adsorption of DBC on inorganic minerals. As a highly aromatic structure of biochars, the amount of DBC in the environment may affect the adsorption, migration and other environmental behaviors of contaminants. The polar functional groups of DBC such as -OH, -COOH are easy to interact with contaminants. For different types of contaminants, it is necessary to understand the interaction mechanisms between DBC and contaminants, and thus we can evaluate the environmental behaviors and risks of contaminants exactly due to their great differences in physico-chemical properties. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the interaction of DBC with contaminants and the migration behaviors of contaminants, which will help us to predict the environmental behavior of contaminants in soils and evaluate the potential application of biochar for immobilizing contaminants. Many functional groups such as hydroxyl group, quinone group, hydroquinone group, carbonyl group and carboxyl group are on the surface of biochars. These active groups make biochar become an important electronic source in redox reactions, and then affecting its biochemical cycle process in soils. Therefore, as an important component of biochars, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group of DBC makes it as redox activity and photo reactivity. The reactivity of DBC is of great significance for investigating its physicochemical properties and the interaction between DBC and contaminants. This review summarized the properties of DBC, the interaction between DBC and inorganic minerals, and the effect of DBC for the soil properties. Moreover, we concluded the interaction between DBC and contaminants, the effects of reactivity of DBC for its properties in order to depend a theoretical foundation for large-scale application of biochar in this review.
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2020, Vol. 34 
