Synthesis Techniques of Monotectic Alloys: Solidification in External Field, Rapid Solidification and Laser Technology
XIE Min1, WANG Meifeng2, DAI Xiaoqin1, LEI Jianbo1, WANG Chunxia2, ZHOU Shengfeng1
1 Institute of Laser Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063
Abstract: When a homogeneous monotectic alloy melt is supercooled below a certain temperature (Tsep) into the immiscible metastable temperature gap, it will be separated into two liquid phase, namely L1 (major liquid phase and higher than 50wt%) and L2 (minor liquid phase, condensed into droplets). Generally, there are three stages in the microstructure evolution, including spontaneous phase separation, the crystallization process of major liquid phase and the solidification stage of residual secondary phase. Especially, when the spherical particles formed from minor liquid phase are dispersed into the major phase matrix, monotectic alloys are endowed with many unique properties, like high strength, high conductivity and excellent wear resistance, exhibiting great application potential in aerospace and automotive industry, and they have long been the focus of attention from researchers.At present, there are two kinds of structure characteristics of monotectic alloys, namely, the second phase dispersion or core/shell structure. However, under conventional solidification conditions, serious segregation or demixing structure are inevitable in monotectic alloys, which makes it difficult to prepare bulk homogeneous monotectic alloys. Aiming at digging out the liquid phase separation behavior of monotectic alloys and the effect of microstructure characteristics on the properties of monotectic alloys, a variety of methods have been put forward. As early as 1958, liquid phase separation was discovered in Cu-Fe monotectic alloy, which immediately attracted great attention of scholars. In recent years, numerous preparation methods of monotectic alloys under external field have been developed to eliminating defect, like segregation, dislocation, voids and so on, for the sake of obtaining the monotectic alloys with uniform microstructure and excellent performance. For instance, under microgravity field, the monotectic alloys almost without segregation can be achieved, owing to the weakened convection. Under electromagnetic field, the processing parameters of materials can be controlled, the microstructure and properties can be also improved. Under the interaction of DC magnetic field and electric field, the melt flow can be restrained and the solidification can be controlled electromagnetic stirring. Under the interaction of AC magnetic field and electric field, the electromagnetic stirring and the electromagnetic suspension can be realized, which are beneficial for reducing separation and improving microstructure. Under supersonic field, containerless solidification can be conducted. Furthermore, as a typical process of non-equilibrium phase transformation, rapid solidification contribute to eliminate the solute segregation of the alloy and obtain the unique composition, microstructure, phase constituents, that cannot be obtained under conventional solidification process, consequently, improve the strength, plasticity, toughness, ductility and magnetism significantly. Aiming at acquiring further understanding of the preparation methods of monotectic alloys, the solidification processes and investigation methods of monotectic alloys are reviewed in this article, from the standpoint of solidification in external field, rapid solidification and laser technology.
1 Delfino G, Squarcini A. Physical Review Letters,2014,113(6),066101. 2 Wu Y H, Wang W L, Wei B B. Acta Physica Sinica,2016,65(10),106402(in Chinese). 吴宇昊,王伟丽,魏炳波.物理学报,2016,65(10),106402. 3 Zhang L, Wang E G, Zuo X W, et al. Materials Review A: Review Papers,2010,24(4),85(in Chinese). 张林,王恩刚,左小伟,等.材料导报:综述篇,2010,24(4),85. 4 Zhai W, Wang N, Wei B B. Acta Physica Sinica,2007,56(4),2353(in Chinese). 翟薇,王楠,魏炳波.物理学报,2007,56(4),2353. 5 Zhao J Z, Jiang H X, Sun Q, et al. Materials China,2017,36(4),252(in Chinese). 赵九洲,江鸿翔,孙倩,等.中国材料进展,2017,36(4),252. 6 Kang Z Q, Wang E G, Zhang L, et al. Materials Review A: Review Papers,2011,25(2),13(in Chinese). 康智强,王恩刚,张林,等.材料导报:综述篇,2011,25(2),13. 7 He J, Zhao J Z. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2008,30(12),1348. 8 Yang Y, Xu J F, Zhai Q Y. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2007,17(9),1521(in Chinese). 杨扬,徐锦锋,翟秋亚.中国有色金属学报,2007,17(9),1521. 9 Liu S Q, Hao W X, Yang G C. Foundry,2006,55(5),444(in Chinese). 刘申全,郝维新,杨根仓.铸造,2006,55(5),444. 10 Zhou S F, Dai X Q, Xiong Z, et al. Journal of Materials Research,2014,29(7),865. 11 Liu X, Zhu Y, Yu Y, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2011,509(19),5740. 12 Zhai W, Wei B B. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics,2015,86,57. 13 Sun Q, Jiang H X, Zhao J Z, et al. Acta Materialia,2017,129,321. 14 Chen S, Zhao J Z, Jiang H X, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2015,28(3),316. 15 Zuo X, Zhao C, Zhang L, et al. Materials,2016,569(9),1. 16 Zhao J Z, Ahmed T, Jiang H X, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2017,30(1),1. 17 Zuo X W, Wang E G, Han H, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2010,492(1),621(in Chinese). 左小伟,王恩刚,韩欢,等.金属学报,2010,492(1),621. 18 Xian A P, Zhang X M, Li Z Y, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,1996,32(2),113(in Chinese). 冼爱平,张修睦,李忠玉,等.金属学报,1996,32(2),113. 19 Adachi M, Okamoto A, Iwai H, et al. U.S. patent, US 5039476 A,1991. 20 Mohan S, Agarwala V, Ray S. Materials Science and Engineering A,1991,144(1-2),215. 21 Okress E C, Wroughton D M, Comenetz G, et al. Journal of Applied Physics,1952,23(5),545. 22 Pu J. Materials Review,2002,16(7),24(in Chinese). 蒲健.材料导报,2002,16(7),24. 23 Xu J F. Acta Physica Sinica,2004,53(6),1909(in Chinese). 徐锦峰,魏炳波.物理学报,2004,53(6),1909. 24 He J, Zhao J Z, Li H, et al. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2008,39(5),1174. 25 Ding Y X, Zhou L Z. Metal Hotworking Technology,2007,36(6),69(in Chinese). 丁阳喜,周立志.热加工工艺,2007,36(6),69. 26 Al-Aqeeli N, Hussein M A, Suryanarayana C. Advanced Powder Techno-logy,2015,26(2),385. 27 Liu E, Chen T, Hao Y, et al. Special Casting and Nonferrous Alloys,2010,30(3),275. 28 Zhao J Z, Li H L, He J, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2008,44(6),693(in Chinese). 赵九洲,李海丽,何杰,等.金属学报,2008,44(6),693. 29 Kobayashi A, Nagayama K. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals,2017,81(5),251. 30 Sheng L I, Liu F, Yang W. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(1),227. 31 Wang W L, Wu Y H, Li L H, et al. Physical Review E,2016,93(3),032603. 32 Bochicchio D, Ferrando R, Panizon E, et al. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter: An Institute of Physics Journal,2016,28(6),064005. 33 Fang F, Shu X L, Deng H Q, et al. Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,355(1),357. 34 Xu J F, Fan Y F, Chen W, et al. Acta Physica Sinica,2009,56(7),3996(in Chinese). 徐锦峰,范玉芳,陈娓,等.物理学报,2009,56(7),3996. 35 Lu W Q, Zhang S G, Li J G, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2016,29(9),1. 36 Zhang L, Man T, Huang M, et al. Materials,2017,1005(10),1. 37 Groh H C D, Probst H B. In: Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee,2015,pp.476. 38 Cao C, Chen L, Xu J, et al. Materials Letters,2016,174,213. 39 Wang Z, Sun Z, Wang X, et al. Materials and Design,2017,114,111. 40 Aslam U, Linic S. Chemistry of Materials,2016,28(22),8289. 41 Kang Z Q, Zhang Y B, Yang X, et al. Materials Science Forum,2017,896,209. 42 Beach J A, Wang M, Bellon P, et al. Acta Materialia,2017,140,217. 43 Shubin Y, Plyusnin P, Sharafutdinov M, et al. Nanotechnology,2017,28(20),205302. 44 Huang B, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto T, et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2017,139(13),4643. 45 Santhi K, Dhanapal K, Narayanan V, et al. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2017,433,202. 46 Kim Y, Han G K, Kang Y B, et al. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2017,48(6),3130. 47 Chu K, Zhu W, Zhao C, et al. Materials Letters,2017,207,141. 48 Wang W L, Li Z Q, Wei B B. Acta Materialia,2011,59(14),5482. 49 Wu Y H, Wang W L, Xia Z C, et al. Computational Materials Science,2015,103,179. 50 Wu Y H, Wang W L, Yan N, et al. Physical Review E,2017,95(5-1),052111. 51 Zhang L, Wang E G, Zuo X W, et al. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2015,44(2),344. 52 Zhao L, Jiang H X, HMAD, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2015,51(7),883(in Chinese). 赵雷,江鸿翔,HMAD,等.金属学报,2015,51(7),883. 53 Zhao L, Zhao J Z. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2012,43(13),5019. 54 Manasijević D, Minić D, Premović M, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016,664,199. 55 Wang Z, Sun Z, Jiang S, et al. Journal of Molecular Liquids,2017,237,10. 56 Li M, Jia P, Sun X, et al. Applied Physics A,2016,122(4),1. 57 Mondal B N, Chabri S, Sardar G, et al. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2016,412,138. 58 Zhai W, Wang B J, Liu H M, et al. Scientific Reports,2016,6(36718),1. 59 Jiang H X, He J, Zhao J Z. Scientific Reports,2015,5(12680),1. 60 Nagase T, Takemura M, Matsumuro M, et al. Materials and Design,2016,117,338. 61 Ziewiec K, Wojciechowska M, Garzeł G, et al. Intermetallics,2016,69,47. 62 Wang Z Y, He J, Yang B J, et al. Materials Science and Technology,2017,33(11),1. 63 Ziewiec K, Wojciechowska M, Ferenc J, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,710,685. 64 Nagase T, Suzuki M, Tanaka T. Intermetallics,2015,61(5),56. 65 Dai X Q, Zhou S F, Wang M F, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,722,173. 66 Shi R P, Wang C P, Wheeler D, et al. Acta Materialia,2013,61(4),1229. 67 Wang N, Zhang L, Peng Y L, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2016,663,379. 68 Zuo X W, An B L, Huang D Y, et al. Acta Physica Sinica,2016,65(13),246(in Chinese). 左小伟,安佰灵,黄德洋,等.物理学报,2016,65(13),246. 69 Liu J, Hao W X, Da D A. Foundry,2004,53(11),875(in Chinese). 刘洁,郝维新,达道安.铸造,2004,53(11),875. 70 Da D A, Jiang W S, Wang Y M. Chinese Space Science and Technology,1988,8(6),20(in Chinese). 达道安,姜万顺,王毓敏.中国空间科学技术,1988,8(6),20. 71 Qi N M, Zhang W H, Gao J Z, et al. Aerospace Control,2011,29(3),95(in Chinese). 齐乃明,张文辉,高九州,等.航天控制,2011,29(3),95. 72 Feng S B. Solidification behavior of alloys under microgravity and normal gravity conditions in long drop tube. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China,2012(in Chinese). 封少波.合金在长落管微重力与重力环境下的凝固行为研究.博士学位论文,中国科学院大学,2012. 73 Luo S B, Wang W L, Xia Z C, et al. Applied Physics A,2015,119(3),1003. 74 Li Z Q, Wang W L, Zhai W, et al. Acta Physica Sinica,2011,60(10),705(in Chinese). 李志强,王伟丽,翟薇,等.物理学报,2011,60(10),705. 75 Rathz T J, Robinson M B, Li D, et al. Journal of Materials Science,2001,36(5),1183. 76 Egry I, Herlach D, Ratke L, et al. In: Proceedings of the 1st Internatio-nal Symposium on Microgravity Research and Applications in Physical Science and Biotechnology. Sorrento,2001,pp.669. 77 Hong Z Y. Containerless solidification of Bi-Ga and Bi-In alloys under acoustic levitation conditions. Master’s thesis, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China,2004(in Chinese). 洪振宇.声悬浮条件下Bi-Ga和Bi-In合金的液固相变研究.硕士学位论文,西北工业大学,2004. 78 Xie W J, Wei B B. Physics,2002,31(9),551(in Chinese). 解文军,魏炳波.物理,2002,31(9),551. 79 Zhang B, Lu X Y, Dai F P, et al. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2011,21(11),2744(in Chinese). 张波,鲁晓宇,代富平,等.中国有色金属学报,2011,21(11),2744. 80 Zheng H X, Ma W Z, Ji C C, et al. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2003,13(2),339(in Chinese). 郑红星,马伟增,季诚昌,等.中国有色金属学报,2003,13(2),339. 81 Zang D Y, Wang H P, Wei B B. Acta Physica Sinica,2007,56(8),4804(in Chinese). 臧渡洋,王海鹏,魏炳波.物理学报,2007,56(8),4804. 82 Liu L Q, Zhang Z M, Xu C J, et al. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2008,29(1),102(in Chinese). 刘丽琴,张忠明,徐春杰,等.材料热处理学报,2008,29(1),102. 83 Dong X Q, Zhang K, Liu F. Foundry Technology,2012,33(2),8(in Chinese). 董晓晴,张柯,刘峰.铸造技术,2012,33(2),8. 84 Hao W X, Yang G C, Xie H, et al. Foundry Technology,2004,25(4),255(in Chinese). 郝维新,杨根仓,谢辉,等.铸造技术,2004,25(4),255. 85 Yin H Y, Lu X Y. Acta Physica Sinica,2008,57(7),4341(in Chinese). 殷涵玉,鲁晓宇.物理学报,2008,57(7),4341. 86 Xu J F, Fan Y F, Chen W, et al. Acta Physica Sinica,2009,58(1),644(in Chinese). 徐锦锋,范于芳,陈娓,等.物理学报,2009,58(1),644. 87 Liu Y, Guo J J, Jia J, et al. Acta Physica Sinica,2000,36(12),1233(in Chinese). 刘源,郭景杰,贾均,等.物理学报,2000,36(12),1233. 88 Wang H X, Xu J F, Tian Y. Foundry Technology,2011,32(1),78(in Chinese). 王红霞,徐锦锋,田媛.铸造技术,2011,32(1),78. 89 Kim W T, Zhang D L, Cantor B. Materials Science and Engineering A,1991,134(91),1133. 90 Huang Y J, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W, et al. Applied Laser,2007,27(6),465(in Chinese). 黄永俊,曾晓雁,胡乾午,等.应用激光,2007,27(6),465. 91 Kang N, Coddet P, Wang J, et al. Composite Structures,2017,172,251. 92 Zhou S F, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W, et al. Applied Surface Science,2008,255(5),1646. 93 Song W L, Echigoya J, Zhu B D, et al. Surface and Coatings Technology,2000,126(1),76. 94 Luo X, Li J, Li G J. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,626,102. 95 Fang Y X, Qi L J, Wang K, et al. Laser Technology,2017,41(1),40(in Chinese). 房永祥,齐丽君,王珂,等.激光技术,2017,41(1),40. 96 Afonso C N, Gonzalo J. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research,1996,116(s1-4),404. 97 Cui Z Q, Qin Y C. Metallography and Heat Treatment, China Machine Press,1989(in Chinese). 崔忠圻,覃耀春.金属学与热处理,机械工业出版社,1989. 98 Zhang D D. Study on the generating mechanism and control methods of high hardness laser cladding coating cracks. Master’s thesis, Changchun University of Science and Technology, China,2014(in Chinese). 张栋栋.高硬度激光熔覆层裂纹的产生机理及控制方法研究.硕士论文,长春理工大学,2014. 99 Zhou S F, Huang Y J, Zeng X Y, et al. Chinese Journal of Lasers,2008,256(14),4708. 100 Zhou S F, Zeng X Y. Hot Working Technology,2009,38(22),113. 周圣丰,曾晓雁.热加工工艺,2009,38(22),113. 101 Zhou S F, Zeng X Y, Hu Q W, et al. Laser Technology,2009,33(2),124. 周圣丰,曾晓雁,胡乾午,等.激光技术,2009,33(2),124. 102 Bruckner F, Lepski D, Beyer E. In: XVI International Symposium on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers, and High-Power Lasers. Austria, 2006, pp. 63461D. 103 Zhou S F, Wu C, Zhang T Y, et al. Scripta Materialia,2014,76(2),25. 104 Chen S, Zhao J Z. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2014,50(5),561(in Chinese). 陈书,赵九洲.金属学报,2014,50(5),561. 105 Sun Q, Jiang H X, Zhao J Z. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2016,52(4),497(in Chinese). 孙倩,江鸿翔,赵九洲.金属学报,2016,52(4),497. 106 Zhang H W, Xian A P. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2000,36(4),347(in Chinese). 张宏闻,冼爱平.金属学报,2000,36(4),347. 107 Gao F, Jiang C B, Liu J H, et al. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2007,43(7),683. 高芳,蒋成保,刘敬华,等.金属学报,2007,43(7),683. 108 Guo S M, Xun Y K, Sun Y. Yunnan Metallurgy,2006,35(5),48(in Chinese). 郭诗玫,荀艳坤,孙勇.云南冶金,2006,35(5),48. 109 Xu A L, Liu S P, Zhou S Q, et al. Journal of Chongqing University(Science Edition),2005,28(11),84(in Chinese). 徐安莲,刘守平,周上祺,等.重庆大学学报:自然科学版,2005,28(11),84. 110 Xu Y F, Zhu M. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering,1999,17(2),71(in Chinese). 徐永富,朱敏.材料科学与工程学报,1999,17(2),71.