Synthesis Techniques of Monotectic Alloys: Solidification in External Field, Rapid Solidification and Laser Technology
XIE Min1, WANG Meifeng2, DAI Xiaoqin1, LEI Jianbo1, WANG Chunxia2, ZHOU Shengfeng1
1 Institute of Laser Technology, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063
Abstract: When a homogeneous monotectic alloy melt is supercooled below a certain temperature (Tsep) into the immiscible metastable temperature gap, it will be separated into two liquid phase, namely L1 (major liquid phase and higher than 50wt%) and L2 (minor liquid phase, condensed into droplets). Generally, there are three stages in the microstructure evolution, including spontaneous phase separation, the crystallization process of major liquid phase and the solidification stage of residual secondary phase. Especially, when the spherical particles formed from minor liquid phase are dispersed into the major phase matrix, monotectic alloys are endowed with many unique properties, like high strength, high conductivity and excellent wear resistance, exhibiting great application potential in aerospace and automotive industry, and they have long been the focus of attention from researchers.At present, there are two kinds of structure characteristics of monotectic alloys, namely, the second phase dispersion or core/shell structure. However, under conventional solidification conditions, serious segregation or demixing structure are inevitable in monotectic alloys, which makes it difficult to prepare bulk homogeneous monotectic alloys. Aiming at digging out the liquid phase separation behavior of monotectic alloys and the effect of microstructure characteristics on the properties of monotectic alloys, a variety of methods have been put forward. As early as 1958, liquid phase separation was discovered in Cu-Fe monotectic alloy, which immediately attracted great attention of scholars. In recent years, numerous preparation methods of monotectic alloys under external field have been developed to eliminating defect, like segregation, dislocation, voids and so on, for the sake of obtaining the monotectic alloys with uniform microstructure and excellent performance. For instance, under microgravity field, the monotectic alloys almost without segregation can be achieved, owing to the weakened convection. Under electromagnetic field, the processing parameters of materials can be controlled, the microstructure and properties can be also improved. Under the interaction of DC magnetic field and electric field, the melt flow can be restrained and the solidification can be controlled electromagnetic stirring. Under the interaction of AC magnetic field and electric field, the electromagnetic stirring and the electromagnetic suspension can be realized, which are beneficial for reducing separation and improving microstructure. Under supersonic field, containerless solidification can be conducted. Furthermore, as a typical process of non-equilibrium phase transformation, rapid solidification contribute to eliminate the solute segregation of the alloy and obtain the unique composition, microstructure, phase constituents, that cannot be obtained under conventional solidification process, consequently, improve the strength, plasticity, toughness, ductility and magnetism significantly. Aiming at acquiring further understanding of the preparation methods of monotectic alloys, the solidification processes and investigation methods of monotectic alloys are reviewed in this article, from the standpoint of solidification in external field, rapid solidification and laser technology.
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2019, Vol. 33 
