Alkali-activated Materials Modified with Micro-Nano Additives: a Review
WEI Ming1, ZHANG Changsen1,*, WANG Xu1,2, ZHU Huajun1, JIAO Baoxiang1, SUN Nan1
1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224501, Jiangsu, China 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
Abstract: As a new type of green-environmental and low-energy consumption cementitious material, geopolymers have excellent properties such as high early-age strength, and high resistance to acid and alkali, but the defects of high brittleness and poor toughness restricts their further application. Incorporating appropriate amount of micro-nano additives in the geopolymers can effectively improve the mechanical properties and toughness. The uniform dispersion of micro-nano additives is the key factor ensuring the excellent performance of geopolymers. For this reason, we must modify the surface of micro-nano particles or use external force to disperse them during the blending process. After the surface modification, micro-nano additives can be combined into the geopolymer matrix perfectly. This paper summarized the current research results on the geopolymers-modified with micro-nano additives such as nanoparticles (nano silica, nano titanium dioxide), carbon nanotubes, graphene, micron particles (fly ash microsphere, silica fume) and micron fibers (silicon carbide whiskers). The common dispersion methods and mechanisms were investigated, including mechanical stirring, ultrasonic dispersion and dispersant surface modification. The modification mechanisms of micro-nano additives in geopolymers can be mainly concluded as filling, nucleation, and bonding bridging effects. The dispersed micro-nano particles can fill into the pores and cracks to effectively compact the pore structure. The micro-nano particles can also be used as nucleation sites to accelerate the polycondensation process and improve the microstructure and macroscopic properties of geopolymer. Fibrous micro-nano materials have a bridging effect to prevent the formation and expansion of cracks. In addition, for micro-nano materials with surface groups (such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, etc.), their groups can participate in the polymerization reaction of geological polymers to form chemical bonds, and improve the adhesion between micro-nano particles and geopolymers. The micro-nano additives have large specific surface area, and it is easy to reagglomerate during the storing process, so improvement in the preparation process is another factor should be concerned. Therefore, the dispersion degree of micro-nano additives in geopolymers are the focus of current research. Finally, the follow-up research focused on the geopolymers modified with micro-nano additives modified is prospected in this paper.
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