Review on Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Environment by Advanced Oxidation Technology
WANG Dejun1,2,3, LI Hui4, JIANG Xiren1,2, ZHAO Chaocheng3, ZHAO Yuhui1,2, DENG Chunmei1,2, WANG Xinping1,2
1 North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266033, China 2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment ＆ Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266033, China 3 College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China 4 Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao 266555, China
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are composed of two or more benzene rings with lipophilic properties and high desorption activation energy. They mainly have two combinations. One is non-fused ring type, that is, benzene ring and the benzene rings are connected by a carbon atom, such as biphenyl, terphenyl, etc.; the other is a fused ring type, that is, two carbon atoms are shared by two benzene rings, such as naphthalene, anthracene, etc. They are persistent compounds in the environment due to their chemically stable structure and low bioavailable fraction. PAHs are released into the environment because of natural activities such as terrestrial vegetation synthesis, microbial synthesis, and volcanic activity. However, PAHs released by these processes are minimal in comparison with those produced from forest fires, grass land fires and anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic activities (such as military operations, vehicular emissions, agricultural production, residential waste burning, combustion of fossil fuels, leakage from the petroleum industry, manufacturing of carbon black, coal tar pitch and asphalt, heating and power generation, and emissions from internal combustion engines) release a significant amount of PAHs into the environment. Due to the toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic natures of PAHs, developing appropriate removal process through understanding remediation mechanisms have been researched to mitigate the possible risk of PAHs on the environment and human health. Physical, chemical, thermal, biological and phytoremediation processes (which comprise incineration, thermal desorption, radio frequency heating, oxidation, ion exchange, photolysis, adsorption, electrolysis, chemical precipitation, natural attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, phytoextraction, plant immobilization and phytodegradation techniques) are the major treatment methods of PAHs contaminated soil, sediment and waters. In general, it is the physical, biological, and chemical processes. It can be known that the PAHs removal process in practice is mostly biological or physical by referring to lots of references. However, most of these methods possess several disadvantages such as high investment and maintenance costs, complicated operating procedure. Addi-tionally, some of these treatment processes release the secondary by-products and some of them are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds which further add an adverse impact on public health. Although the chemical process currently remains at the stage of laboratory, it has unique advantages over the other two processes, such as wider application, non-selective to pollutants, and complete mineralization of pollutants. Therefore, chemical process found to be a more efficient and promising technique to treat PAHs. The paper summarizes the past literature on PAHs removal by advanced oxidation technology, and reviews the latest research progress and reaction mechanism of various oxidation technologies.
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