Relationship Between the Transport Behavior of Modern Concrete and Its Microstructures: Research Methods and Progress
SUN Guowen1, SUN Wei2, WANG Caihui1
1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043; 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189
Abstract: Cracking is the main cause of premature deterioration and early withdrawal from service of structural concrete. The deterioration is mainly caused by the propagation of aggressive media through the pores of concrete itself, microcracks or cracks under load. Therefore, to reveal the essence of deterioration of modern concrete, its macroscopic and microscopic constitutive relations should be understood and established scientifically. In the past, the transport theory of aggressive media in concrete materials at home and abroad, like Fick’s or Darcy’s law, essentially belong to phenomenological theory. Although these theories can describe the phenomena of ion transport, the key parameters such as diffusion coefficients and permeability coefficients are obtained by experiments regression, and the physical meaning behind the phenomenon is not dug out. What’s more, it is difficult to determine the influence of the concrete microstructure at each scale on the transport of ions, not to mention the control of concrete microstructure from its root, and adjustment of the transport behaviors of the aggressive media. The modern concrete features porous, multi-phase, multi-level and multi-scale, therefore, it is necessary to establish the transport constitutive relationship of aggressive media on a scale-by-scale basis. The diffusion of chloride ions (one of the most important reasons of concrete deterioration caused by corrosion of steel bars) in modern concrete is taken as an example in this article. A series of domestic and foreign research findings are introduced, including the theoretical scheme for the transport constitutive relations between the macroscopic and the microscopic of the modern concrete, the main microstructure parameters (such as hydration products of hardened cement paste and its spatial distribution, the pore distribution and the volume fraction of the interfacial transition zone) influencing the transport behavior of chloride ions, as well as the established transport constitutive relations on chloride ion diffusion and the microstructure parameters of concrete at each scale. The existing transport models at each scale based on meso-mechanical theory, like self-consistent scheme, generalized self-consistent scheme, effective medium theories, assume that the inclusions are spherical and remain intact with the matrix. However, it must be taken into serious consideration that the influence of inclusion morphology, inclusion ratio and interfacial transition zone between inclusion and matrix on the transport behavior of complicated concrete composites. In the prediction model of concrete microstructure parameters, a volume fraction prediction model of interfacial transition zone around the spherical aggregate has been preli-minarily established and the overlap between interfaces has been fully taken into account. The pore structure distribution model of the interface transition zone, the simulation of hydration process for Portland cement and the volume fraction calculation model of hydration products are partially presented. In a word, these models lay a solid foundation for the establishment of transport constitutive relations between macroscopic and microscopic concrete. This article also systematically introduces the modeling process from the minimum scale, namely from the nano scale to the macro scale, which affect the ion transport. Finally, it points out the current deficiencies in the quantitative prediction of theoretical prediction model at each scale and microstructure parameters, and the focus of future study, aiming at providing some valuable ideas for the regulation of the microstructure of structural concrete and the prediction of the service life.
孙国文, 孙伟, 王彩辉. 现代混凝土传输行为与其微结构之间关系的研究方法及其进展[J]. 材料导报, 2018, 32(17): 3010-3022.
SUN Guowen, SUN Wei, WANG Caihui. Relationship Between the Transport Behavior of Modern Concrete and Its Microstructures: Research Methods and Progress. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(17): 3010-3022.
1 孙伟.现代混凝土材料与结构服役特性的研究进展[J].混凝土世界,2009(7):20.
2 阎培渝.现代混凝土的特点[J].混凝土,2009(1):3.
3 Garboczi E J, Bentz D P. Computer simulation of the diffusivity of cement-based materials[J].Materials Science,1992,27(8):2083.
4 Sun G W. Transport behaviors and multi-scale modeling of chloride ions in cement-based composite materials[D].Naijing: Southeast University,2012(in Chinese).
孙国文.氯离子在水泥基复合材料中的传输行为与多尺度模拟[D].南京:东南大学,2012.
5 Zhu Z G, Chen H S, Liu L, et al. Multi-scale modelling for diffusivity based on practical estimation of interfacial properties in cementitious materials[J].Powder Technology,2017,307:109.
6 Jin L, Zhang R B, Du X L. Multi-scale analysis for the chloride diffusivity in concrete subjected to low-level stress[J].Engineering Mechanics,2017,34(3):84(in Chinese).
金浏,张仁波,杜修力.低应力水平下混凝土中氯离子扩散行为多尺度分析方法[J].工程力学,2017,34(3):84.
7 Garboczi E J, Bentz D P. Computer simulation of the diffusivity of cement-based materials[J].Journal of Materials Science,1992,27(8):2083.
8 Cao L Q. Multi-Scale coupling of material properties andnumerical simulations[J].World Sci-Tech R & D,2002,24(6):23(in Chinese).
曹礼群.材料物性的多尺度关联与数值模拟[J].世界科技研究与发展,2002,24(6):23.
9 杜善义,王彪.复合材料细观力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
10 Cui J Z, Cao L Q. Finite element method bansed on two-scale asymptotic analysis[J]. Mathematica Numerica Sinica,1998,20(1):89(in Chinese).
崔俊芝,曹礼群.基于双尺度渐近分析的有限元算法[J].计算数学,1998,20(1):89.
11 Chen Y L, Ma Y, Pan F, et al. Research progress in multi-sacale mechanics of composite materials[J].Solid Mechanics,2018,39(1):1(in Chinese).
陈玉丽,马勇,潘飞,等.多尺度复合材料力学研究进展[J].固体力学学报,2018,39(1):1.
12 Stora E, He Q C, Bary B. A mixed composite spheres assemblage model for the transport properties of random heterogeneous mate-rials with high contrast[J].Applied Physics,2006,100(8):084910.
13 Bruggeman D A G. Bereclmung verschiedener Physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen[J].Annalen der Physik,1935,24:636.
14 Christensen R M, Lo K H. Solution for the effective shear properties in three phase sphere and cylinder models[J].Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1979,27(4):315.
15 Benveniste Y. A new approach to the application of Mori-Tanaka′s theory in composite materials [J].Mechanics of Materials,1987,6(2):147.
16 Maxwell J C. A Treatise on electricity and magnetism[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1873.
17 Pivonka E, Hellmich C,Smith D. Microscopic effects on chloride diffusivity of cement pastes-a scale-transition analysis[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(12):2251.
18 Zheng Q S, Du D X. An explicit and universally applicable estimate for the effective properties of multiphase composites which accounts for inclusion distribution[J].Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2001,49(11):2765.
19 Mindess S, Young J F. Concrete[M].New Jersey:Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs,1981.
20 IUPAC. Manual of symbols and terminology, appendix 2, part 1[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry,1972,31:578.
21 Jennings H M. Colloid model of C-S-H and implications to the problem of creep and shrinkage[J].Materials and Structures,2004,37:59.
22 赵铁军.混凝土渗透性[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
23 Mehta P K, Monteiro P J M. Concrete-microstructures, properties, and materials[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,2006.
24 Powers T C, Copeland L E, Mann H M. Capillary continuity or discontinuity in cement pastes[J].PCA Bulletin,1959,1(110):2.
25 Thomas J, Jennings H M. The surface area of cement paste as mea-sured by neutron scattering: Evidence for two C-S-H morphologies[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1998,28(6):897.
26 Bentz D P, Garboczi E J. Digital-image-based computer modeling of cement-based materials[C]//Digital Image Processing: Techniques and Application in Civil Engineering. New York,1993:63.
27 Kondo R, Ueda S. Kinetics and mechanism of the hydration of cements[C]//The 5th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement. Toyko,1968:203.
28 Frohnsdorff G J C, Freyer W G, Johnson P D. Kinetic modeling of hydration processes[C]//The 5th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement.Toyko,1968:321.
29 Pommersheim J M, Clifton J R. Mathematical modeling of tricalcium silicate hydration[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1979,9(6):765.
30 Taylor H, Newbury D. An electron microprobe study of a mature cement paste[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1984,14(4):565.
31 Jennings H M, Johnson S K. Simulation of microstructure development during the hydration of a cement compound[J].American Ceramic Society,1986,69(11):790.
32 陈惠苏.水泥基复合材料集料-浆体界面过渡区微观结构的计算机模拟及相关问题研究[D].南京:东南大学,2003.
33 Zheng J J,Pang X W,Xiong F F. A numerical method for predicting the initial setting time of cement paste and evaluation of influencing factors[J].The Chinese Ceramic Society,2008,36(7):927.
34 Shah S P. High performance concrete: Past, present and future[C]//High Performance Concrete-Workability, Strength and Durability. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Hong Kong,2000:3.
35 Yang C C, Su J K. Approximate migration coefficient of interfacial transition zone and the effect of aggregate content on the migration coefficient of mortar[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(10):1559.
36 Winslow D N, Cohen M D, Bentz D P, et al. Percolation and pore structure in mortars and concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1994,24:25.
37 Scrivener K L, Bentur A, Pratt P L, et al. Quantitative characterisation of the transition zone in high strength concretes[J].Advances in Cement Research,1988,1(4):230.
38 Breton D, Ollivier J P, Ballivy G. Diffusivity of chloride ions in the transition zone between cement paste and granite[C]//Interfaces between Cementitious Composites. London,1992:279.
39 Bourdette B, Ringot E, Ollivier J P. Modeling of the transition zone porosity[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1995,25(4):741.
40 Ping X, Beaudoin J J, Brousseau R. Flat aggregate-portland cement paste interfaces, Ⅰ. Electrical conductivity models[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1991,21(4):515.
41 Xie P, Beaudoin J, Borusseau R. Flat aggregate-portland cement paste interfaces, Ⅱ. Transition zone formation[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1991,21(5):718.
42 Garboczi E J, Bentz D P. Multiscale analytical/numerical theory of the diffusivity of concrete[J].Advanced Cement Based Materials,1998,8(2):77.
43 Princigalloa A, Breugelb K V, Levitaa G. Influence of the aggregate on the electrical conductivity of Portland cement concretes[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(11):1755.
44 Yang C C, Su J K. Approximate migration coefficient of interfacial transition zone and the effect of aggregate content on the migration coefficient of mortar[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2002,32(10):1559.
45 Sun G W, Sun W, Zhang Y S, et al. Influence of aggregates on chloride ion diffusion coefficient in cement-based composite materials[J].the Chinese Ceramic Society,2011,39(4):662(in Chinese).
孙国文,孙伟,张云升,等.骨料对氯离子在水泥基复合材料中扩散系数的影响[J].硅酸盐学报,2011,39(4):662.
46 Zheng J J, Zhou X Z. Prediction of the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete[J].Materials and Structures,2007,40(7):693.
47 Caré S. Influence of aggregates on chloride diffusion coefficient into mortar[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(7):1021.
48 Sun G W, Zhang Y S, Sun W, et al. Multi-scale prediction of the effective chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2011,25(10):3820.
49 Tumidaiski P J. Electrical conductivity of portland cement mortars[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1996,26(4):529.
50 Delagrave A , Bigas J P, Ollivier J P, et al. Influence of the interfacial zone on the chloride diffusivity of mortars[J].Advanced Cement Based Materials,1997,5(3-4):86.
51 Lu B L, Torquato S. Nearest surface distribution functions for polydispersed particle systems[J].Physical Review A,1992,45(8):5530.
52 Chen H S, Sun W, Stroeven P. Quantitative solution of volume fraction of interface in cementitious composites[J].Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2006,23(2):133(in Chinese).
陈惠苏,孙伟,Stroeven P.水泥基复合材料界面过渡区体积分数的定量计算[J].复合材料学报,2006,23(2):133.
53 Sun G W, Sun W , Zhang Y S, et al. Quantitative analysis and affecting factors of the overlapping degree of interfacial transition zones between neighboring aggregates in concrete[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology (Materials Science Edition),2011,26(1):147.
54 Jiang L, Zheng J J. A method of computing the volume fraction of interfacial transition zone in concrete[J].Journal of Zhejiang University of Technology,2004,32(2):163(in Chinese).
姜璐,郑建军.混凝土界面体积百分比的计算方法[J].浙江工业大学学报,2004,32(2):163.
55 Bernard O, Ulm F J, Lemarchand E. A multiscale micromechanics-hydration model for the early-age elastic properties of cement-based materials[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2003,33(9):1293.
56 Caré S, Hervé E. Application of a n-phase model to the diffusion coefficient of chloride in mortar[J].Transport in Porous Media,2004,56(2):119.
57 Oh B H, Jang S Y. Prediction of diffusivity of concrete based on simple analytic equations[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2001,34(3):463.
58 Sun G W, Sun W, Zhang Y S, et al. The relationship between chloride diffusivity and pore structure of hardened cement paste[J].Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A (Applied Physics & Enginee-ring),2011,12(5):360.
59 Maekawa K, Ishida T, Kishi T. Multi-scale modeling of concrete performance integrated material and structural mechanics[J].Advanced Concrete Technology,2003,1(2):91.
60 Bejaoui S, Bary B. Modeling of the link between microstructure and effective diffusivity of cement pastes using a simplified composite model[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2007,37(3):469.
61 Bary B, Béjaoui B. Assessment of diffusive and mechanical properties of hardened cement pastes using a multi-coated sphere assemblage model[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2006,36(2):245.
62 Hobbs D W. Aggregate influence on chloride ion diffusion into concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Research,1999,29(12):1995.
63 Hashin Z, Shtrikman S. A variational approach to the theory of the effective magnetic permeability of multiphase materials[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1962,33(10):3125.
64 Xi Y P, Bažant Z P. Modeling chloride penetration in saturated concrete[J].Materials in Civil Engineering,1999,11(1):58.
65 Christensen R M. A critical evaluation for a class of micromechanics models[J].Journal of the Mechanics & Physics of Solids,1990,38(3):379.
66 Garboczi E J, Bentz D P. Analytical formulas for interfacial transition zone properties[J].Advanced Cement Based Materials,1997,6(3-4):99.
67 Liu Z Y. Study of mechanism of microstructure evolution and transport behavior of cement-based composite materials[D].Naijing: Southeast University,2013(in Chinese).
刘志勇.水泥基复合材料微结构演变机理及其传输行为研究[D].南京:东南大学,2013.
渝公网安备50019002502923号 版权所有：《材料导报》编辑部
2018, Vol. 32 
