Abstract: Functionally graded material (FGM) is an engineered material that is inhomogeneous and can be purposefully processed to obtain conti-nuously varying spatial compositions, porosity or microstructures over a definable geometrical length. FGM can be used in a number of applications in engineering, such as biomedical engineering, nuclear industry, aerospace, semiconductor and optoelectric, defence and military, etc. With the widespread application of functionally graded materials, traditional manufacturing technologies with long production cycles and complex procedures are more and more difficult to meet the rapid preparation requirements of customizable and complex-shaped functionally graded material. A more flexible and efficient manufacturing technology is needed to promote the development of functionally graded materials. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a novel material processing approach to create parts or prototypes layer-by-layer directly from a computer aided design (CAD) file. The combination of additive manufacturing and FGM is very promising, especially towards preparation of complex-shaped components with more flexibility and efficiency. In this paper, the gradient types and traditional machining process of FGM are briefly summarized. The advances in preparation of FGM by different kinds of AM technologies at home and abroad are presented, including the basic principles, process features of AM technologies and the properties and applications of FGM. The part orientation and path planning of pre-treatment process are also discussed. Finally, the existing problems are discussed and future trends are prospected.
1 Mahamood R M. Functionally graded materials, Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland, 2017. 2 Masayuki N, Toshio H, Ryuzow W. Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, 1987, 13(6), 257. 3 Parihar R S, Setti S G, Sahu R K. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 2018, 25(2), 309. 4 Zhang B, Jaiswal P, Rai R, et al. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 2018, 18(4), 041002. 5 Naebe M, Shirvanimoghaddam K. Applied Materials Today, 2016, 5, 223. 6 Lu B H, Li D C. Machine Building & Automation, 2013(4), 1(in Chinese). 卢秉恒,李涤尘. 机械制造与自动化, 2013(4), 1. 7 Liu Z, Meyers M A, Zhang Z, et al. Progress in Materials Science, 2017, 88, 467. 8 Tan X, Kok Y, Tan Y J, et al. Acta Materialia, 2015, 97, 1. 9 Soldevila L, Royo J, Oxman N. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2014, 1(3), 141. 10 Leu M C, Deuser B K, Tang L, et al. CIRP Annals, 2012, 61(1), 223. 11 Lai Q, Abrahams R, Yan W, et al. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2017, 130, 174. 12 Yan Y, Li S, Xiong Z, et al. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2010, 46(5), 93(in Chinese). 颜永年,李生杰,熊卓,等. 机械工程学报, 2010, 46(5), 93. 13 Liu L, Xiong Z, Yan Y, et al. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B-Applied Biomaterials, 2009, 88(1), 254. 14 Zhang A F, Li D C, Liang S D, et al. Aeronautical Manufactu-ring Technology, 2016(22), 16(in Chinese). 张安峰,李涤尘,梁少端,等. 航空制造技术, 2016(22), 16. 15 Li X, Huang W D. Scientia Sinica(Informationis), 2015, 45(9), 1116(in Chinese). 林鑫, 黄卫东. 中国科学(信息科学), 2015, 45(9), 1111. 16 Han C, Li Y, Wang Q, et al. Materials & Design, 2018, 141, 256. 17 Mahamood R M, Akinlabi E T. In: Conference Record of the 2012 World Congress on Engineering. London, 2012, pp. 0966. 18 Fang Y, Su Y F, Zhang Y S, et al. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2016, 44(12), 1729(in Chinese). 方媛, 苏云峰, 张永胜, 等. 硅酸盐学报, 2016, 44(12), 1729. 19 Li Q, Zhang F F, Yu J Y, et al. Journal of Functional Materials, 2013, 44(14), 2032(in Chinese). 李强, 张峰峰, 于景媛, 等. 功能材料, 2013, 44(14), 2032. 20 Lu L, Chekroun M, Abraham O, et al. NDT & E International, 2011, 44(2), 169. 21 Jin G, Takeuchi M, Honda S, et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2005, 89(2), 238. 22 Scaffaro R, Lopresti F, Botta L, et al. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2016, 301(2), 182. 23 Dinda G P, Dasgupta A K, Bhattacharya S, et al. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 2013, 44(5), 2233. 24 Kim Y, Choi J T, Choi J K, et al. Materials Letters, 1996, 26(4), 249. 25 Mustafa U, Balci E, Sarikan B, et al. Materials & Design, 2014, 56, 31. 26 Peng W B, Zhao Z M, Yin D J. Hot Working Technology, 2019, 48(8), 119(in Chinese). 彭文斌, 赵忠民, 尹德军. 热加工工艺, 2019, 48(8),119. 27 Li J, Chen T, Hao Y, et al. Hot Working Technology, 2007, 36(5), 31(in Chinese). 李健, 陈体军, 郝远, 等. 热加工工艺, 2007, 36(5), 31. 28 Suresh S, Mortesen A. Fundamentals of functionally gradied materials, processing and thermomechanical behavior of graded metals and metal-ceramic composites, IOM Communications Ltd., UK, 1998. 29 Birla N C, Demirci M, Baykara T. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 1993, 12(14), 1099. 30 Li Yi. Materials China, 2016, 35(9), 658(in Chinese). 李毅. 中国材料进展, 2016, 35(9), 658. 31 Zhang C, Chen F, Huang Z, et al. Materials Science & Engineering A, 2019, 764, 138209. 32 Yang Y H. Advances in Aeronautical Science and Engineering, 2019, 10(3), 309(in Chinese). 杨延华. 航空工程进展, 2019, 10(3), 309. 33 Mohamed O A, Masood S H, Bhowmik J L. Advances in Manufacturing, 2015, 3(1), 42. 34 Srivastava M, Maheshwari S, Kundra T K. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2015, 2(5), 3471. 35 Garland A, Fadel G. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2015, 137, 11140711. 36 Garland A, Fadel G. Journal of Computing & Information Science in Engineering, 2019, 19(2), 021007. 37 Franchin G, Scanferla P, Zeffiro L, et al. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2017, 37(6), 2481. 38 Tang D, Hao L, Li Y, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 814, 152275. 39 Li A. Paste development and co-sintering test of zirconium carbide and tungsten in freeze-form extrusion fabrication. Master's Thesis, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA, 2013. 40 Jiao P D, Li S J, Yang L P, et al. China Mechanical Engineering, 2017, 28(6), 733(in Chinese). 焦盼德,李淑娟,杨磊鹏,等. 中国机械工程, 2017, 28(6), 733. 41 Cheng K, Lan H B, Zou S T, et al. Scientia Sinica(Technologica), 2017, 47(2), 149(in Chinese). 程凯,兰红波,邹淑亭,等. 中国科学(技术科学), 2017, 47(2), 149. 42 Maskery I, Hussey A, Panesar A, et al. Journal of Cellular Plastics, 2017, 53(2), 151. 43 Sudarmadji N, Tan J Y, Leong K F, et al. Acta Biomaterialia, 2011, 7(2), 530. 44 Yan Y N, Qi H B, Lin F, et al. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Enginee-ring, 2007, 43(6), 87(in Chinese). 颜永年,齐海波,林峰,等. 机械工程学报, 2007, 43(6), 87. 45 Yan W T, Qian Y, Lin F. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017(10), 50(in Chinese). 闫文韬,钱亚,林峰. 航空制造技术, 2017(10), 50. 46 Yan W, Ge W, Smith J, et al. Acta Materialia, 2016, 115, 403. 47 Hu Y, Cong W. Ceramics International, 2018, 44(17), 20599. 48 Bandyopadhyay A, Krishna B V, Xue W, et al. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2009, 20, 29. 49 Durejko T, Zietala M, Polkowski W, et al. Materials & Design, 2014, 63, 766. 50 Shi Y, Li Y F, Liu J, et al. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2017, 53(6), 80(in Chinese). 石岩,李云峰,刘佳,等. 机械工程学报, 2017, 53(6), 80. 51 Mahamood R M, Akinlabi E T. Materials & Design, 2015, 84, 402. 52 Shah K, Haq I U, Khan A, et al. Materials & Design, 2014, 54, 531. 53 Kim H, Lin Y, Tseng T, et al. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2018, 24(3), 645. 54 Li D F, Chen J M, Yuan Y P, et al. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2015, 41(12), 1769(in Chinese). 李东方,陈继民,袁艳萍,等. 北京工业大学学报, 2015, 41(12), 1769. 55 Yang F, Lian Q, Wu X Q, et al. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Enginee-ring, 2017, 53(7), 138(in Chinese). 杨飞,连芩,武向权,等. 机械工程学报, 2017, 53(7), 138. 56 Larsen E, Larsen N, Almdal K, et al. Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics, 2016, 54(13), 1195. 57 Huang P, Deng D, Chen Y. In: Conference Record of ASME Internatio-nal Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2013). San Diego, 2013. 58 Zhao J B, He L Y, Liu W J, et al. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, 2006, 18(3), 456(in Chinese). 赵吉宾,何利英,刘伟军,等. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2006, 18(3),456. 59 Fang L, Hou Z W, Huang J R, et al. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2019, 51(1), 99(in Chinese). 方力, 侯智文, 黄俊润, 等.南京航空航天大学学报, 2019, 51(1), 99. 60 Yang R, Jia Z Y, Liu B J, et al. China Mechanical Enginee-ring, 2003, 14(19), 1701. 杨睿, 贾振元, 刘碧静, 等.中国机械工程, 2003, 14(19), 1701. 61 Mi S, Wu X, Zeng L. The International Journal of Advanced Manufactu-ring Technology, 2018, 94(5), 1933. 62 Zhou M. International Journal of Production Research, 2004, 42(2), 405. 63 Xu A, Shaw L. Computer-Aided Design, 2005, 37(12), 1308. 64 Wang X P, Zhang H O, Wang G L. China Mechanical Engineering, 2017, 28(16), 1994(in Chinese). 王湘平, 张海鸥, 王桂兰.中国机械工程, 2017, 28(16), 1994. 65 Muller P, Hascoet J Y, Mognol P. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2014, 22(6), 511.