Research Progress of Micro-Alloying Sn-Cu Based Lead-Free Solders
FAN Jianglei1, 2, LIU Zhanyun1, LI Yuwen1, WU Shen1, WANG Xiao3, LIU Jianxiu1
1 Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002; 2 Henan Key Laboratory of Mechanical Equipment Intelligent Manufacturing, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002; 3 School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002
Abstract: The environmental protection need of electronic products has promoted the development of lead-free solder alloys in the field of electronic assembly. At present, Sn-Cu based solder is one of the most promising lead-free solders with excellent performa-nces and lower cost. However, the higher melting point, poorer spreading and soldering properties of Sn-Cu based solder on Cu substrate compared with the Sn-Pb solder limit its extensive application. The microstructure and welding performance of Sn-Cu alloy can be improved by adding various alloying elements. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of micro-alloying on the microstructure, wettability and mechanical properties of Sn-Cu based lead-free solders are systematically reviewed. Then,the problems of the alloying for Sn-Cu based solder are pointed out. The development direction and foreground of Sn-Cu based lead-free solders are also discussed.
樊江磊, 刘占云, 李育文, 吴深, 王霄, 刘建秀. Sn-Cu系无铅钎料微合金化研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2018, 32(21): 3774-3779.
FAN Jianglei, LIU Zhanyun, LI Yuwen, WU Shen, WANG Xiao, LIU Jianxiu. Research Progress of Micro-Alloying Sn-Cu Based Lead-Free Solders. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(21): 3774-3779.
1 Abtew M, Selvaduray G.Lead-free solders in Microelectronics[J].Materials Science and Engineering R,2000,27(5):95. 2 张启运,庄鸿寿.钎焊手册-第2版[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008. 3 Zeng G, Xue S, Zhang L, et al.Recent advances on Sn-Cu solders with alloying elements: Review[J].Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics,2012,43(12):565. 4 Chawla N.Thermomechanical behaviour of environmentally benign Pb-free solders[J].Metallurgical Reviews,2013,54(6):368. 5 Lee J, Chu K, Patzelt R, et al.Effects of Co addition in eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder on shear strength and microstructural development[J].Microelectronic Engineering,2008,85(7):1577. 6 Chinnam R, Fauteux C, Neuenschwander J, et al.Evolution of the microstructure of Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints exposed to ultrasonic waves during solidification[J].Acta Materialia,2011,59(4):1474. 7 Kerr M, Chawla N.Creep deformation behavior of Sn-3.5Ag solder at small length scales[J].JOM,2004,56(6):50. 8 Zhang L, Xue S, Gao L, et al.Determination of Anand parameters for SnAgCuCe solder[J].Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering,2009,17(7):075014. 9 Wu C, Yu D, Law C, et al.Properties of lead-free solder alloys with rare earth element additions[J].Materials Science and Engineering R Reports,2004,44(1):1. 10 Zhu F, Zhang H, Guan R, et al.Effects of temperature and strain rate on mechanical property of Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2007,438(1):100. 11 Satyanarayan, Prabhu K N. Reactive wetting, evolution of interfacial and bulk IMCs and their effect on mechanical properties of eutectic Sn-Cu solder alloy[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2011,166(1-2):87. 12 Nogita K, Read J, Nishimura T, et al.Microstructure control in Sn-0.7 mass% Cu alloys[J].Materials Transactions,2005,46(11):2419. 13 Min W J, Xuan T P, Research progress and development tendency of Tin-based lead-free electronic solder[J].Metallic Functional Materials,2009,16(2):55(in Chinese). 闵文锦,宣天鹏.锡基无铅电子钎料的研究进展与发展趋势[J].金属功能材料,2009,16(2):55. 14 Wang F, Gao F, Ma X, et al.Depressing effect of 0.2wt.%Zn addition into Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder alloy on the intermetallic growth with Cu substrate during isothermal aging[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2006,35(10):1818. 15 Yang M, Cao Y, Joo S, et al.Cu6Sn5 precipitation during Sn-based solder/Cu joint solidification and its effects on the growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2014,582(2):688. 16 Mu D, Mcdonald S, Read J, et al.Critical Properties of Cu6Sn5 in electronic devices: Recent progress and a review[J].Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science,2015,47(19):55. 17 Tu P, Chan Y, Hung K, et al.Comparative study of micro-BGA reliability under bending stress[J].IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging,2000,23(4):750. 18 Gao Y J.Shear properties of Sn-Cu based bulk solders and joints [D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology,2010(in Chinese). 高艳俊. Sn-Cu基无铅钎料及其钎焊接头的剪切性能[D].大连:大连理工大学,2010. 19 Laurila T, Vuorinen V, Paulasto-Kröckel M.Impurity and alloying effects on interfacial reaction layers in Pb-free soldering[J].Materials Science and Engineering R,2010,68(1):1. 20 Laurila T, Vuorinen V, Kivilahti J K.Interfacial reactions between lead-free solders and common base materials[J].Materials Science and Engineering R Reports,2006,37(30):1. 21 Yan Y F, Xu J, Guo X X, et al.The influence of stress on creep behavior of Ag particle enhancement SnCu based composite solder[J] Journal of Materials Research,2009,23(1):69(in Chinese). 闫焉服,徐健,郭晓晓,等.应力对Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料蠕变性能的影响[J].材料研究学报,2009,23(1):69. 22 Seokhwan H, Keunsoo K.Effect of Ag addition on the microstructural and mechanical properties of Sn-Cu eutectic solder[J].Materials Transactions,2001,42(5):739. 23 Tai F, Guo F, Xia Z, et al.Processing and creep properties of Sn-Cu composite solders with small amounts of nanosized Ag reinforcement additions[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2005,34(11):1357. 24 Rizvi M, Bailey C, Chan Y, et al.Effect of adding 0.3wt% Ni into the Sn-0.7wt% Cu solder part Ⅱ. growth of intermetallic layer with Cu during wetting and aging[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2007,438(1-2):122. 25 Ventura T, Terzi S, Rappaz M, et al.Effects of Ni additions, trace elements and solidification kinetics on microstructure formation in Sn-0.7Cu solder[J].Acta Materialia,2011,59(10):4197. 26 Nishimura T. Lead-free solder alloy: US, 6180055[P].2001-11-20. 27 Li J X.The research of Sn-Zn system without Ag lead-free solder[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University,2009(in Chinese). 李建新. 新型Sn-Cu系无银无铅钎料的研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2009. 28 Xue S B, Zhao Z Q, Qian Y Y, et al.A study on over-potential of some lead-free solders[J].Acta Metal Sinica,1999,20(3):175(in Chinese). 薛松柏,赵振清,钱乙余,等.无铅钎料的超电势问题研究[J].焊接学报,1999,20(3):175. 29 Chuang T, Jain C, Wu H M.Intermetallic reactions in Sn-0.4Co-0.7Cu solder BGA packages with an ENIG surface finish[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2008,37(11):1734. 30 Cheng F, Nishikawa H, Takemoto T. Effects of isothermal aging on the microstructure and tensile behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.2Co solder[J].Materials Science Forum,2008,580-582:239. 31 Liu L, Andersson C, Liu J.Thermodynamic assessment of the Sn-Co lead-free solder system[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2004,33(9):935. 32 Du C, Wang X, Tian S.Effect of bonding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Co/Sn/Cu joint[J].Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics,2017,29(1):1. 33 Zou C, Gao Y, Yang B, et al.Melting temperature depression of Sn-0.4Co-0.7Cu lead-free solder nanoparticles[J].Soldering and Surface Mount Technology,2013,21(2):9. 34 Chen Y, Hsu C, Chen S, et al.Phase equilibria of Sn-Co-Cu ternary system[J].Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A,2012,43(10):3586. 35 Zou Q B.The influences of minor elements on Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2009(in Chinese). 邹庆彬. 微量添加元素对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料性能的影响[D].天津:天津大学,2009. 36 Andersson C, Sun P, Liu J.Tensile properties and microstructural characterization of Sn-0.7Cu-0.4Co bulk solder alloy for electronics applications[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2008,457(1):97. 37 Cho M, Kang S, Shih D, et al.Effects of minor additions of Zn on interfacial reactions of Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Cu solders with various Cu substrates during thermal aging[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2007,36(11):1501. 38 Wang F, Ma X, Qian Y.Improvement of microstructure and interface structure of eutectic Sn-0.7Cu solder with small amount of Zn addition[J].Scripta Materialia,2005,53(6):699. 39 Kotadia H, Howes P, Mannan S.A review: On the development of low melting temperature Pb-free solders[J].Microelectronics Reliability,2014,54(6-7):1253. 40 Wu C, Yu D, Law C, et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of new lead-free Sn-Cu-RE solder alloys[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2002,31(9):928. 41 Lu B, Wang J H, Li H, et al.Effect of cerium on microstructure and properties of Sn-0.7Cu-0.5Ni lead-free solder alloy[J].Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society,2007(2):217(in Chinese). 卢斌,王娟辉,栗慧,等.微量铈对Sn-0.7Cu-0.5Ni钎料合金组织与性能的影响[J].中国稀土学报,2007(2):217. 42 Xian A, Gong G.Oxidation behavior of molten tin doped with phosphorus[J].Journal of Electronic Materials,2007,36(12):1669. 43 Huang H, Wei X, Tan D, et al.Effects of phosphorus addition on the properties of Sn-9Zn lead-free solder alloy[J].Metallurgy and Materials,2013,20(6):563. 44 Wang J, The mechanism study of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solders properties modified by Ni,Ge microelements[J].Printed Circuit Information,2009(S1):324(in Chinese). 王瑾. 微量Ni,Ge元素改善Sn-0.7Cu无铅合金钎料性能的机理研究[J].印制电路信息,2009(S1):324. 45 Seokhwan H, Keunsoo K.Effect of Au addition on the microstructural and mechanical properties of Sn-Cu eutectic solder[J].Materials Transactions,2002,43(2):239. 46 Yan Z, Xian A P.Pitting corrosion behavior of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free alloy in simulated marine atmospheric environment and the effect of trace Ga[J].Acta Metal Sinica,2011,47(10):1327(in Chinese). 颜忠,冼爱平.人工模拟海洋大气环境下Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料的点蚀行为及微量Ga的影响[J].金属学报,2011,47(10):1327. 47 Yang L, Zhang Y, Dai J, et al.Microstructure, interfacial IMC and mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu-xAl(x=0-0.075) lead-free sol-der alloy[J].Materials and Design,2015,67:209. 48 Koo J, Lee C, Hong S, et al.Microstructural discovery of Al addition on Sn-0.5Cu-based Pb-free solder design[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,650:106. 49 Yang L, Zhang Y, Du C, et al.Effect of aluminum concentration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn-Cu-Al solder alloy[J].Microelectronics Reliability,2015,55(3-4):596. 50 Huang H, Shuai G, Wei X, et al.Effects of sulfur addition on the wettability and corrosion resistance of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder[J].Microelectronics Reliability,2017,74:15. 51 Nogita K.Stabilization of CuSn by Ni in Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni lead-free solder alloys[J].Intermetallics,2010,18(1):145. 52 Dudek M, Sidhu R, Chawla N.Novel rare-earth-containing lead-free solders with enhanced ductility[J].JOM,2006,58(6):57. 53 Yang S, Ho C, Chang C, et al.Massive spalling of intermetallic compounds in solder-substrate reactions due to limited supply of the active element[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2007,101(8):1. 54 Chen W, Yang S, Tsai M, et al.Uncovering the driving force for massive spalling in the Sn-Cu/Ni system[J].Scripta Materialia,2010,63(1):47. 55 Zeng G, Mcdonald S, Gu Q, et al.The influence of Ni and Zn additions on microstructure and phase transformations in Sn-0.7Cu/Cu solder joints[J].Acta Materialia,2015,83:357. 56 Huang H Z, Lu D, Zhao J W, et al.Effect of Bi and P addition on the properties of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder alloy[J].Materials Review B: Research Papers,2016,30(14):104(in Chinese). 黄惠珍,卢德,赵骏韦,等.添加Bi和P对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料合金性能的影响[J].材料导报:研究篇,2016,30(14):104. 57 Li L, Cheng Y, Xu G, et al.Effects of indium addition on properties and wettability of Sn-0.7Cu-0.2Ni lead-free solders[J].Materials and Design,2014,64(9):15. 58 Liu W S, Deng T, Ma Y Z, et al.Effects of rare earths on properties of lead-free solder alloys[J].Journal of Materials Science and Engineering,2011,29(5):800(in Chinese). 刘文胜,邓涛,马运柱,等.稀土元素对无铅钎料性能的影响[J].材料科学与工程学报,2011,29(5):800. 59 Wang H, Fang J, Xu Z, et al.Improvement of Ga and Zn alloyed Sn-0.7Cu solder alloys and joints[J].Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics,2015,26(6):3589. 60 El-Daly A A, Hammad A E. Enhancement of creep resistance and thermal behavior of eutectic Sn-Cu lead-free solder alloy by Ag and In-additions[J].Materials and Design,2012,40:292. 61 Shen J, Pu Y, Wu D, et al.Effects of minor Bi, Ni on the wetting properties, microstructures, and shear properties of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder joints[J].Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics,2014,26(3):1. 62 Hu X, Li Y, Liu Y, et al.Developments of high strength Bi-containing Sn0.7Cu lead-free solder alloys prepared by directional solidification[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,625:241. 63 Maeshima T, Ikehata H, Terui K, et al.Effect of Ni to the Cu substrate on the interfacial reaction with Sn-Cu solder[J].Materials and Design,2016,103:106. 64 Adli N, Razak N, Saud N.Enhancement on wettability and intermetallic compound formation with an addition of Al on Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder fabricated via powder metallurgy method[C]∥International Conference on Functional Materials and Metallurgy. AIP Publishing LLC,2016,1756(1):95.