Characterization of Biochars Properties in Soil System by BPCA MolecularBiomarkers
WU Min1, WU Danping1, CHANG Zhaofeng1, XU Yan2, PAN Bo1
1 Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500 2 Yunnan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Kunming 650022
Abstract: Biochar has become a global hot spot because of its special physicochemical properties and promising application potentials in carbon sequestration, soil remediation and pollution control. However, the physicochemical properties of biochar vary greatly due to its diverse feedstocks and temperatures. In addition, after being applied in soil, the quantities and characteristics of biochar change continuously under the biological and abiotic action, which will affect the migration, transformation and biogeochemical cycle of biochars in environmental systems. Obviously, predicting its long-term environmental effects through the initial state of biochar is not feasible, while most of the researches treated biochar as static component, which is not conducive to the objective evaluation of the safety and environmental effects of biochar. In order to systematically understand the environmental effects of biochar application, it is necessary to dynamically describe and monitor changes in its properties. Unfortunately, there is no approved method available to separate biochar from the soil for determining its content and properties currently. How to describe the properties of biochar in a complex hybrid system has become a major technical obstacle for dynamic understanding the affect of biochar environment. The benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) molecular biomarker method is generally used to describe the content of carbon black or high condensed organic matter in soil and deduce its combustion history. Since biochar has similar highly aromatic structural units with carbon black, the method is suitable for describing the properties of biochar in soil systems as well. It was demonstrated that the BPCA method can be used to quantitatively or qualitatively analyze the relative content of biochar in complex systems. The monomer ratios (such as B5CA/B6CA and B6CA/B4CA) can not only describe the properties of biochar, its before/post-aging (especially the degree of aromatic condensation) and deduce its sources, but also indicate the adsorption properties of biochar (before/after aging) to organic pollutants. Moreover, the BPCA molecular marker method can promote the understanding of the interaction mechanisms between biochar and inorganic minerals in soil. In addition, isotope techniques can also be a vital complement to BPCA molecular marker technology, where stable isotope techniques for BPCA monomers (i.e.13C) can more accurately describe the migration and transformation of biochar. This review summarizes the research progress of BPCA molecular marker method in biochar field, and describes the quantitative and qualitative properties of biochar in complex soil systems. The merits and dismerits of BPCA method are analyzed and its prospects are forecasted. BPCA molecular marker method is expected to be a crucial technical means for biochar environmental behavior and function assessment, and the development and maturity of this technology will greatly promote the progress of biochar research.
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2019, Vol. 33 
