Asa kind of novel materials, high-entropy alloys have attracted much attention due to their complex compositions and excellent properties. By employing machine learning methods with high-throughput data processing, the key factors dominating the microstructure and performance of high-entropy alloys can be identified and screened, which enables the phase microstructures or the performances to be rapidly predicted and the composition efficiently optimized. In this paper, the recent progresses in high-entropy alloy design assisted by machine learning are reviewed, covering phase microstructure prediction, composition design, mechanical property and performance forecasting, and multi-objective optimization. Former researches indicate that the alloy compositions play crucial roles in determining phase microstructures, and machine learning models incorporated with empirical features can be used for efficiently and accurately predicting the microstructures of high-entropy alloy. Moreover, the machine learning models can search for better composition, microstructure to mechanical properties in the extensive composition space of high-entropy alloys through forward prediction or backward optimized design. Among these, the regression model can effective predictthe mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys, whereas the high-accuracy prediction of properties will promote phase microstructure design. The NSGA-II algorithm, in conjunction with Pareto optimal solutions, generates optimal solution sets through crossover and mutation for multi-objective optimization. Further development of machine learning models requires the establishment of high-quality databases and the improvement of data-driven relationships among compositions, phase microstructures and properties of high entropy alloys.

With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and 5G communication technology, higher requirements have been put forward for the comprehensive performance of lithium-ion as a power source. In the research and development of many lithium-ion battery technologies, so-lid-state lithium-ion batteries have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent energy density and safety. As a key component of lithium batteries, the performance of solid-state electrolytes directly affects the overall performance of the battery, and the design and manufacture of so-lid-state electrolytes with excellent performance is crucial for promoting the practical application of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, the Li⁺ transport mechanism in inorganic solid-state electrolytes, polymer solid-state electrolytes and composite solid-state electrolytes is introduced, combined with the literature in recent years, the research progress of researchers using ion doping and the introduction of new preparation techniques to improve the performance of solid-state electrolytes is comprehensively reviewed, the application of different types of solid-state electrolytes in domestic and foreign enterprises is summarized, and finally the challenges and future development trends of solid-state electrolytes are prospected. The aim of this review is to provide useful information for developing new solid-state electrolyte materials with excellent comprehensive perfor-mance, so as to promote the rapid industrialization of solid-state electrolytes.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) has become the mainstream anode material in the current market due to its low production cost, environmental friendliness, thermal stability and high safety. In battery technology development, carbon capping technology is widely used to improve the conductivity and multiplicity performance of electrode materials. However, this technology still faces several challenges in practical applications, including uneven carbon coating, excessive carbon content, and instability in the structure of the carbon coating layer, which lead to reductions in energy density and cycling life. Doping heteroatoms into the lattice of carbon-based materials is demonstrated to be an effective solution based on the results from the experimental and theoretical studies. Heteroatoms enhance the electrical conductivity of the electrodes by adjusting the electronic structure of the carbon layer, while increasing the graphitization degree of the carbon material improves its chemical stability. Additionally, the introduction of heteroatoms can suppress the aggregation and growth of LiFePO₄ particles, thereby improving the structural stability of the carbon coating. This approach not only enhances electrochemical performance but also effectively reduces the volume occupied by the carbon layer in the electrode, thus meeting the requirements for energy density. This paper reviews the recent advancements in the research on heteroatom-doped carbon coatings for LiFePO₄, summarizes in detail the effect of single heteroatom-, double heteroatom- and triple heteroatom-doped with carbon coating on the modification of LiFePO₄, the existing challenges are identified, and future research directions are proposed.

In response to the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals and promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of energy, lithium ion batteries have been widely studied and applied in the field of new energy. The conventional aluminum foil current collectors have weak adhesion to the cathode active material and poor corrosion resistance in the electrolyte, and are easy to form an alumina film, thus affecting the service life of the lithium ion battery. Carbon-coated aluminum foil can effectively improve adhesion with the cathode active material, inhibit the polarization, reduce the internal resistance, and improve the rate performance and cycle performance of the battery. It has broad application prospects in lithium ion batteries. Based on the latest research results, this paper systematically introduces the preparation process of aluminum foil, expounds the common surface treatment methods of aluminum foil and its influence on the subsequent carbon-coated layer, summarizes the typical carbon-coated process and carbon-coated materials, and looks forward to the research focus and development trend of carbon-coated aluminum foil in the future, which provides a reference for the development and process research of carbon-coated aluminum foil.

Porous copper, as an anode collector for lithium metal batteries, has excellent conductivity, a huge surface area and good economic cost-effectiveness. In the process of charging and discharging, there are problems such as uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites and the shedding of dendrites into "dead lithium", thus reducing the capacity, which seriously affects the battery’s lifespan and cycling stability, whereas the 3D structure of the porous copper foil can effectively alleviate the problem of dendrite growth, and the large number of pore spaces on the surface and in the interior greatly increases the space to accommodate the active substance, the high curvature of the pore edges makes the current density in this region higher, which can induce lithium deposition to the inside of the pores, effectively avoiding lithium dendritic growth on the surface, and the lithophilic modification can reduce the overpotential of lithium nucleation on metallic copper, effectively stabilizing the lithium deposition behavior. This paper introduces the current research status of porous copper as anode collector for lithium metal batteries and its preparation method of lithophilic modification of copper foil, analyzes the lithium storage mechanism of porous copper and the advantages of lithophilic modification, looks forward to the application prospect of porous copper collector, and points out the problems existing in the current research.

Lithium-ion batteries are developing rapidly in the energy field due to their advantages of high energy density,low self-discharge rate,no me-mory effect,etc.Silicon-based anodes are considered to be the most promising anode material following graphite due to its high theoretical specific capacity.However,the serious volume expansion of silicon-based anodes during the lithiation/delithiation process results in capacity degradation,coulombic efficiency decline,and other issues,which still hinder its commercialization.This paper reviews the expansion mechanism and modification research progress of silicon-based anodes,aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for solving the expansion problem faced when it is used as anode material for lithium-ion batteries.Through the introduction of the working principle of silicon-based anodes,it discusses the expansion mechanism in depth and analyzes in detail the effects and potential hazards of expansion on the performance of silicon-based anodes.More specifically,it focuses on four aspects,namely,multi-dimensional nano-silicon structure,composite,binder,and electrolyte design,to systematically elucidate the research on silicon-based anode modification,and to make a prospective outlook on the future development.

This study presents the design and synthesis of core-shell structured barium titanate@polydopamine(BT@PDA) particles through the in-situ polymerization of dopamine (DA) on the surface of BT nanoparticles. An equivalent mass of pristine BT and BT@PDA particles was subsequently dispersed into a polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVDF/PMMA) copolymer matrix, resulting in composite films of BT/PVDF/PMMA and BT@PDA/PVDF/PMMA. The experimental results indicate that the PDA coating significantly enhances the dielectric constant, mitigates dielectric loss, elevates the breakdown strength, and improves mechanical properties. At room temperature, the dielectric constant of the BT@PDA/PVDF/PMMA composite film at 10²Hz reached 10.9, making a 67.7% increase over the unfilled PVDF/PMMA film;the dielectric loss was reduced by 32.4% to 0.052;the breakdown strength was raised by 68.8% to 606 kV/mm;and the discharged energy density was elevated by 128.9% to 10.3 J/cm³, with charge-discharge efficiency maintained above 58%. Furthermore, under high-temperature conditions ranging from 50 ℃ to 90 ℃, the PDA coating continues to positively affect the dielectric and energy storage properties. At 70 ℃, the energy storage density of the BT@PDA/PMMA/PVDF composite film was 6.48 J/cm³, with an efficiency exceeding 53%.

The wide applications of carbon fiber reinforcement composites are restricted due to their poor interfacial properties. One promising route is the surface modification of carbon fiber. Herein, tannic acid and silane coupling agent were firstly deposited on the fiber surface by a simple dip-coating method. They cross-linked to each other by covalent bonds to form the uniform coating. Subsequently, the metal phenolic networks (MPNs) with dense nano-sized particle structure were synthesized on the fiber surface by introducing copper ions, in which tannic acid and copper ions were linked by a coordination bond. Compared with unsized carbon fiber, the tensile strength of modified carbon fiber was increased by 10.2%. This can be attributed to the covalent and coordination bonds endow the MPNs with great mechanical properties, thus enabling them to withstand some tensile loads. Meanwhile, the functional groups present in MPNs are able to form chemical bonds with epoxy resin, while the dense nano-sized particle structure of MPNs can facilitate the formation of strong mechanical interlocking with epoxy resin. Under the synergistic effect of chemical bonding and mechanical interlocking, the interfacial shear strength of modified carbon fiber/epoxy composite is increased by 104.2% compared with that of the unsized carbon fiber/epoxy composite.

Since lignin is the only renewable biopolymer that has abundant aromatic ring structure in nature, the depolymerization of lignin can provide raw materials for high value-added platform compounds and fine chemicals to relieve the security of fossil energy and the derivative environmental concerns. However, it is difficult to depolymerize lignin into monomeric phenols based on retaining the free phenolic hydroxyl groups and alcohol hydroxyl groups due to the complexity, recalcitrance and low chemical reactivity of lignin itself. Recently, photocatalysis has become a sustainable and fascinated paradigm for the high-quality conversion of lignin because of its ability to accurately cleave the C-O and C-C bonds of lignin and its model compounds under mild conditions. Herein, both homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysts were introduced and discussed about how to increase their photocatalytic performances by elemental doping and defect design. This review also analyzed the reaction pathways and mechanisms involved in the process of lignin depolymerization. In addition, the suitability and rationality of different reaction devices were evaluated in a comparative manner, especially in the efficiency and selectivity of photocatalytic depolymerization. Finally, the existing problems and feasible solutions in terms of this strategy were proposed, which may provide the basis and reference for the high-valued green transformation of lignin biomass.

Two-dimensional semiconductors represented by transition metal sulfur compounds (TMDC) have atomic-level limit thickness, immunity to short channel effect, show great potentials for applications including field effect transistors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, flexible electronics, etc. The controllable synthesis of large-area, high-quality two-dimensional semiconductor materials is the basis for the above applications. This review hereby summarizes the recent progress in the preparation of two-dimensional semiconductor materials. Among them, the main topic includes large-area synthesis methods of two-dimensional semiconductor materials, epitaxial growth of single-crystals, defect engineering, transfer, low-temperature synthesis strategies and mainstream growth equipment. Finally, the growth of two-dimensional semiconductor materials is prospected. This review aims to provide more comprehensive support and guidance for the preparation and application of 2D semiconductor materials, and to promote the further development of the field of 2D materials.

In recent years, battery technology has been widely applied in consumer electronic devices, new energy vehicles, and various energy sto-rage systems. However, the safety concerns associated with conventional batteries during usage have increasingly attracted attention. Compared to batteries using organic electrolytes, novel aqueous batteries are gradually emerging as a significant research direction in the energy sto-rage field due to their unique safety advantages and environmental benefits. In contrast to the commonly studied metal ions (such as Li⁺, Na⁺, Zn²⁺), NH₄⁺ has become a research hotspot for aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AAIBs) owing to its abundant sources, low molar mass, and significantly smaller hydrated ion radius compared to the aforementioned metal ions. Although various electrode materials (including inorganic and organic materials) have been developed as carriers for NH₄⁺ storage and some progress has been made in AAIBs research, these materials still face numerous challenges and limitations in practical testing and applications. This paper systematically reviews the recent research progress in AAIBs. It first outlines the basic principles and characteristics of AAIBs, then elaborates on the latest achievements from the perspectives of ca-thode materials, anode materials, and electrolytes, and finally summarizes and prospects the development prospects, existing problems, and potential solutions for AAIBs, aiming to provide references for promoting in-depth research on AAIBs and their electrode materials.

Memristor-based neuromorphic computing has been sought both in academia and industry, due to its promise to solve the computational bottleneck in the post-Moore era. Realizing brain-inspired memristors and artificial synaptic devices with robust stability and low power consumption has become a significant research topic now. In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, such as Carbon dots, MXenes, Me-tal-organic frameworks, Perovskites, etc. have emerged as potential candidates for optoelectronic synapses and neuromorphic computing applications. Herein, this summary demonstrates the development of four representative organic-inorganic hybrid memristive materials, systematically concludes the memristor concept, device architecture, structure-property relationship, working mechanism, prospective applications, and urgent challenges. This work is anticipated to enhance the comprehension of the integrated memristor device, low-energy quantum computing, brain-computer interaction and more complex human sensory perceptual system.

Nitrate contamination of groundwater has become a critical environmental issue that poses a serious threat to the development of human society. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NO₃RR), is considered as one of the most effective ways to remove harmful nitrate substances from various types of wastewater and convert them to advantageous ammonia, but the research of the electrocatalysts are very challen-ging. Recently, Cu-based catalysts have shown high nitrate conversion efficiency, ammonia selectivity, and Faraday efficiency in promoting NO₃RR performance due to their low cost, high activity, and ability to effectively inhibit Hydrogen evolution reaction, etc. Here we reviews the recent advances in metal catalysts for Cu, relevant single-atom, alloy, and compounds (oxides, hydroxides) catalysts in NO₃RR, details the advantages and disadvantages of the various modifications as well as the conversion mechanism of NO₃RR, and provides a brief overview of the future directions, challenges, and opportunities in this field.

The energy consumption and CO₂ footprints of phosphogypsum building materials at different production stages during the P&C process of building structures were investigated. Then a carbon footprint calculation model for phosphorus calcined gypsum powder was proposed. The carbon emission factors for phosphorus calcined gypsum powders produced by different processing methods were determined. A carbon footprint model for phosphogypsum-mixed cement concrete was further developed and the carbon emission factors were calculated for phosphogypsum building materials such as hollowed phosphogypsum blocks and phosphogypsum-mixed cement concrete. The CO₂ emissions of typical structures and alternative designs with cement-based materials partially replaced by green phosphogypsum materials were calculated. The results showed that up to 26% carbon emission reduction could be achieved by replacing the cement based concrete with phosphogypsum materials such as phosphogypsum blocks. It was also shown that the CO₂ emission of phosphorus calcined gypsum powder was strongly affected by the processing method.

In recent years, high-entropy alloys have attracted significant attention due to their excellent properties, such as good wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high impact toughness, high temperature oxidation resistance, and biocompatibility. Laser cladding (LC) is a modern surface strengthening technology with high energy density, rapid heating and cooling. It can obtain low dilution rate, small heat affected zone, less component segregation, and good metallurgical bonding. This article reviews the latest research progress of laser cladding high-entropy alloy coatings (LC-HEACs). Firstly, the design concept of high-entropy alloys and the advantages of LC-HEACs are summarized. The microstructure, properties and influence of alloying elements of LC-HEACs are introduced. Then, the effects of process parameters and assisted laser cladding technology on the phase structure and properties of LC-HEACs are discussed. Finally, the future development trend of LC-HEACs is summarized and prospected.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are characterized by their complex composition, and the multi-principal element effect, exhibiting exceptional comprehensive performance and broad application prospects. However, the design and performance prediction of high-entropy alloys face significant challenges, necessitating the use of effective theoretical models and computational methods. First-principles methods, based on the principles of quantum mechanics, offer a microscopic scale simulation approach that explores the structure and properties of materials from the atomic and electronic levels, providing new insights and tools for the study of high-entropy alloys. This paper summarizes the current computational models in first-principles calculations for high-entropy alloys, including the coherent potential approximation (CPA), locally self-consistent multiple scattering (LSMS), special quasi-random structures (SQS), and virtual crystal approximation (VCA), reviewes the application of first-principles in high-entropy alloys, introduces the prediction of the electronic structure, phase stability, and mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys with first-principles methods, and verifies the reliability of the computational models. Finally, it outlines the limitations of first-principles methods in the modeling, structure, and performance prediction of high-entropy alloys, offering a perspective on their future applications. These findings may provide valuable references and insights for both theoretical research and the practical application of high-entropy alloys.

Lithium-ion batteries have gained widespread application in energy storage due to their high energy density and prolonged cycle life. However, the large-scale deployment of lithium batteries is severely impeded by thermal runaway incidents caused by mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuse. Enhancing the safety of lithium batteries has emerged as a focal point of increasing scholarly interest. This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of the research progress aimed at improving the safety performance of lithium batteries. It begins by elucidating the structure, working principle, and thermal runaway failure mechanism of lithium batteries. Subsequently, a thorough analysis is conducted on current research pertaining to the design of safer lithium-ion battery materials and the development of thermal runaway safety monitoring and early warning technologies. Finally, the paper provides a prospective outlook on potential research avenues to enhance the safety and stability of battery systems.

The new two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXene) materials have attracted extensive attention in the fields of electromagnetic interference shielding materials due to its high specific surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, and large dielectric constant. Limited by the characteristics of two-dimensional nanomaterials that are easy to agglomerate and difficult to disperse, it is difficult for MXene to fully utilize its excellent performance. Therefore the development of high-performance MXene-based composite materials and the construction of efficient conductive network structures have become key factors in achieving perfect electromagnetic interference shielding performance. In this paper, the material characteristics of MXene are briefly introduced. The research progress of MXene-based composites in the field of electromagnetic interference shielding is elaborated in detail from the aspects of internal multi-interface structure, surface microstructure design and preparation methods of MXene-based composites. The application of MXene-based composites in the field of electromagnetic interference shielding is introduced. Finally the main problems in the preparation, electromagnetic interference shielding performance and application of MXene-based composites are analyzed, and the future development trends of MXene-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials are discussed.

Cold spraying technology is a surface modification technology with low temperature solid deposition, the low temperature characteristic of which makes it easy to produce cold hardening, weak bonding strength and large porosity during the spraying process. Therefore, employing the laser in the cold spraying process to form a "cold spraying+" composite technology, which uses laser synchronous irradiation of the matrix and spray particles to achieve the heating and softening of the matrix and spray particles, improves the plastic deformation ability of the particles, thereby improving the deposition efficiency of the particles, enhancing the bonding strength of the coating, and improving the comprehensive performance of the coating. In this paper, the research progress of laser assisted cold spraying technology is reviewed and summarized, and the principle and classification of single cold spraying technology and "cold spraying+" technology are summarized. Laser assisted cold spraying composite technology and its influence parameters are emphatically analyzed. The practical application fields of laser assisted cold spraying technology are summarized. It is expected to provide reference for the research and application of laser assisted cold spraying technology.

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked considerable interest in intelligence within human society. Flexible sensors, a pivotal component of the interconnection between the physical and digital worlds, have undergone a metamorphosis from a single sensing function to sophisticated integrated systems. Flexible capacitive pressure sensors have emerged as a prominent category of flexible pressure sensors due to their high sensitivity, low power consumption, high stability, easy integration, etc., which have significant potential in the fields of human-computer interaction, health monitoring, and so on. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of flexible capacitive pressure sensors, the trade-off between the sensitivity and the detection range remains a critical challenge in practical application. In this paper, the latest developments in the exploitation of flexible capacitive pressure sensors are reviewed in terms of sensing mechanism, selection of sensing materials, structural design and their advanced applications. First, based on these sensing mechanisms, the selection of composition materials in flexible capacitive pressure sensors to implement the optimization of sensing performance is emphatically presented. Second, the well-designed structures applied to the composition analysis are also overviewed, such as the surface microstructure, porous structure, and multilayer structure. Finally, the potential application scenarios of flexible capacitive pressure sensors in different pressure detection ranges are summarized and prospected.

Electromagnetic wave absorbing (EWA) materials currently play an important role in various fields. However, lightweighting and wideband absorption remain the focuses and challenges of EWA materials research. Aerogels intrinsic properties, such as being lightweight, thermally insulating, and heat-resistant, offer extensive possibilities for multifunctional and diverse environmental applications. This positions them as a highly promising contender for the forthcoming generation of EWA materials. This article elucidates the absorption mechanism of aerogel materials and provides a systematic introduction to the characteristics and development of carbon-based, ceramic-based, and polymer-based aerogel microwave absorbing materials. The optimization approaches for aerogel absorbers are analyzed, focusing on structural control, composite and modification, construction of metastructures, as well as multifunctionalization. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of aerogel EWA materials are summarized, aiming to provide reference for their study and practical application.

Continuous fiber-reinforced composite 3D printing technology combines the flexibility of traditional 3D printing with the high performance of composites to produce lightweight, high-strength parts with complex geometries. This paper reviews the research progress of topology optimization methods and path planning algorithms for continuous fiber reinforced composite 3D printed structures. The application and advantages of topology optimization methods in continuous fiber 3D printed structures and the influence of path planning methods on 3D printed molding quality and mechanical properties are analyzed, and the co-design methods of topology optimization and path planning for continuous fiber 3D printed structures are discussed. Finally, the future development of continuous fiber reinforced composite 3D printing technology is prospected.

For the challenges of multi-variable, multi-objective, and nonlinear issues in concrete mix ratio optimization, a solution that combines a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) neural network with an improved third-generation Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGAIII) is proposed. This approach first constructs a data-driven method using the Bi-LSTM model to predict compressive strength of concrete, accurately capturing the nonlinear relationship between mix ratios and compressive strength. On this basis, the NSGAIII algorithm is employed to optimize multiple objectives, including compressive strength, material cost, and carbon emissions. During the mix ratio optimization process, an enhanced strategy that incorporates adaptive mutation and endpoint perturbation is adopted to improve the multi-objective optimization performance of the NSGA-III algorithm. The results show that the Bi-LSTM model achieves accurate predictions of compressive strength, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between the predicted and actual values in the test dataset, a root mean square error of 5.3, and a mean absolute error of 4.1. The model outperforms other approaches in both prediction accuracy and generalization capability, especially in predicting compressive strength of concrete. The improved NSGAIII algorithm surpasses conventional methods such as multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), NSGAII, and the standard NSGAIII in mix ratio optimization performance. These findings provide valuable reference for concrete mix ratio optimization design in engineering practice.

Bi₂O₃ nanocrystals were grown on carbon nanotubes through hydrothermal decomposition method with Bi(NO₃)₃-5H₂O as raw material and carboxylated carbon nanotubes as substrate, and then Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂Se₃ crystals were prepared using thioacetamide (TAA) and selenium powder as sulfur and selenium sources to produce bismuth chalcogenides/carbon nanotubes composite (Bi₂X₃/CNT, X=O, S, Se). By using 3D printing technique, interdigital electrode pattern substrate was fabricated from silicone rubber, and flexible on-chip micro-supercapacitors were assembled with Bi₂X₃/CNT as electroactive materials. The results indicated that the areal capacitances of Bi₂O₃@CNT, Bi₂S₃@CNT and Bi₂Se₃@CNT reached 805.5 mF/cm², 1 232.5 mF/cm² and 1 556.8 mF/cm² at a current density of 2 mA/cm², respectively, and the capacitances maintained 83.2%, 80.9% and 90.0% after 10 000 cyclic voltammetry tests. The output voltage could be expanded up to 3 folds by connecting three miniature capacitors in series, and the capacitance showed 3 folds increase when connecting three supercapacitors in parallel, which exhibited excellent expandability.

Woody biomass is the most abundant and cost-effective renewable resource on earth. It has emerged as a hot research topic to use woody biomass as a raw material to generate biomass materials, energy and chemicals in the field of biomass conversion. Cellulose is the predominant constituent of the plant cell wall and its high-value conversion is closely related to the structure. The interaction between hemicellulose and cellulose plays an important role in the cellulose structure, and its further study can provide theoretical basis for the application of high-value cellulose. In this paper, the structure of cellulose and hemicellulose is briefly described. The effects of hemicellulose on the structure and properties of cellulose and the key factors affecting the interaction between hemicellulose and cellulose are summarized. Then, it mainly focuses on the main study methods of hemicellulose-cellulose interaction, including experimental adsorption, instrumental analysis, molecular simulation, mode-ling and genetic modification. The principles, characterization approaches as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method are tho-roughly reviewed. Finally, the research strategy of hemicellulose-cellulose interactions and its prospect in practice are discussed in order to provide an important scientific basis for the utilization of woody biomass and genetic improvement and breeding of forest trees.

To actively promote China's dual carbon goals and the resource utilization of industrial solid waste, an all-solid-wastebinder was prepared using calcium carbide residue (CCR), basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Through laboratory experiments, the influence of CCR content and mass ratio of BOFS/GGBS on the workability and mechanical performance of the binder was systematically studied, and the phase composition, microscopic morphology, infrared absorption properties, and hydration mechanism were analyzed. The results indicate that when CCR amount is constant, with the increase of the mass ratio of BOFS/GGBS, the initial setting time of the paste increases, the flowability and bleeding rate increase, and the stone rate decreases. When the mass ratio of BOFS/GGBS is constant, with the increase of CCR amount, the initial setting time of the paste shortens, the flowability and bleeding rate decrease, and the stone rate increases. There is an optimal CCR content in the all-solid-waste cementitious system, and there is a synergistic effect between BOFS and GGBS during hydration. When CCR content is 20% and the mass ratio of BOFS/GGBS is 2∶8, the compressive strengths at 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days reach the maximum of 8.5 MPa, 16 MPa, and 32.1 MPa, respectively. CCR, BOFS, and GGBS can complement each other during hydration reaction;the rapid hydration of Ca(OH)₂ in CCR provides Ca²⁺ and OH^-, creating an alkaline environment for the formation of C-S-H gel, which fills pores, resulting in a denser structure and improved mechanical performance.

Hydrogen energy as a green and clean energy can be effectively obtained by electrolysis technology, chlor-alkali is a typical industry in industrialized production of electrolytic technology. The development course and principles of hydrogen production by-product from chlor-alkali industry and alkaline water electrolysis are compared. It is considered that the technical route of alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production is mature, which is the fastest method for large-scale industrial production at present. At the same time, the development, survey of industrial application and latest research of electrode materials, catalysts and membrane materials in chlor-alkali electrolyzer and alkaline water hydrogen electrolyzer respectively were discussed. Through comparison, the research and development ideas of hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis and chlor-alkali electrolysis can learn from each other are obtained, the industrial application and development direction of electrodes and membranes with these two technologies as key materials are compared systematically, which provides basis for reducing energy consumption and improving the performance of electrolyzers, and further promotes the development of hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis technology.

Different from the previous reviews on various preparation techniques for diamond/copper composites, this paper focuses on the current research status of high thermal conductivity diamond/copper composites in the direction of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) met-hod preparation technology. The HTHP method, by providing high temperature and ultra-high pressure conditions, can effectively solve the mate-rial densification and diamond graphitization problems. This paper reviews the key research areas in the preparation of diamond/copper compo-sites by the HTHP method, including sintering process, raw material particle size, diamond volume fraction, diamond surface coating, and the addition of alloying elements. Furthermore, with the combination of the HTHP method and infiltration technology, the interface bonding problem between diamond and copper has been alleviated to a certain extent, providing a direct diamond channel for heat transfer, which significantly improves the thermal conductivity of diamond/copper composites. Future exploration can be carried out in more detailed studies based on this foundation to promote the development of HTHP preparation technology in this field.

Because of its good properties such as superhydrophobic, self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-fogging, corrosion resistance, superhydrophobic surfaces have broad application prospects in navigation, aerospace, food processing, construction and other fields, and have attracted more and more attention. However, the poor mechanical stability of the surface of superhydrophobic materials easily leads to a failure of superhydrophobic properties due to mechanical wear under various complex working conditions in the external environment, which restricts the application and development of superhydrophobic materials. Improving and enhancing the mechanical stability of superhydrophobic surfaces has become a key issue to promote the development of superhydrophobic materials. In this summary, the hydrophobic mechanism of superhydrophobic surfaces is briefly described, the reasons for the poor mechanical stability of superhydrophobic surface are analyzed, the evaluation methods of mechanical stability of superhydrophobic surfaces are sorted out, and the ways to improve the mechanical stability of superhydrophobic surfaces are summarized. Finally, the development direction and trend of superhydrophobic surfaces with good durability are prospected in the future.

The issue of soil and water pollution poses a formidable challenge to the sustainable development of human society. Sodium alginate gel beads possess exceptional adsorption and mass transfer properties, are facile to synthesize, environmentally benign, and economically viable. Consequently, their utilization in the realm of environmental remediation has garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, conventional sodium alginate gel beads exhibit a singular structure, limited surface functional groups, inadequate mechanical strength, and suboptimal efficacy in environmental remediation. The functionalization of sodium alginate composite gel beads with biochar, natural minerals, nanomaterials, and organic compounds represents a highly effective strategy for broadening its environmental applications and enhancing its performance in environmental remediation. The present paper provides an overview of the preparation methods and physical and chemical properties of sodium alginate composite gel beads of various types. Furthermore, it summarizes the latest advancements in water pollution purification and soil reme-diation, while also discussing the underlying mechanisms involved in environmental remediation. Finally, it offers a prospective outlook on the future development trends of sodium alginate composite gel beads, aiming to further enhance their application potential within the field of environmental science.

Gallium, as a strategic metal, is widely used in many emerging fields such as modern military, wireless communications, biology, solar cells, semiconductors, etc. It also has an important position in aerospace. Gallium is mainly associated with bauxite, sphalerite, fly ash, etc. , with low melting point, high boiling point and other characteristics. With the use of gallium arsenide products, it is inevitable to produce a large number of wastes, these wastes contain rich gallium resources, it is necessary to recycle it to reduce the waste of resources. In this paper, from the point of view of the source of gallium, a detailed review of the extraction of primary gallium from mineral processing by-products of the current state of the art and the existing methods of gallium regeneration from gallium arsenide waste, summarizes the process characteristics and technical indicators of each method, and looks forward to the extraction of gallium and the future direction of the development of the technology of se-condary resource recovery.

With the continuous renewal of research methods, the research achievements in the field of recycled aggregate concrete have accumulated rapidly, but the contradiction between this and the current application of recycled aggregate concrete in service based on the lag theory is increasingly intensified. Based on this, this paper searches the latest research results on mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate concrete at home and abroad, with a time span of 2019—2024, conducts cluster analysis on high-frequency co-occurrence keywords. It is found that recycled aggregate concrete is still an effective means of solid waste treatment and carbon emission reduction, and the current studies mainly focus on compressive strength and durability, meanwhile recycled ultra-high performance concrete has gradually become a research focus. This paper further summarizes the latest research on the effects of aggregate source and replacement rate, mineral admixtures, interface transition zone on compressive strength, and the research progress of freeze-thaw cycle effect, carbonization, chloride ion permeability on durability as well. Finally, based on the literature search results and main research results, the possible future research trends in the field of recycled aggregate concrete are given. The research results aim to accelerate the transformation of the latest research results on mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete to its application, and provide a fundamental basis for realizing the strategic goal of “double carbon”.

Lignin, due to its abundance of phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, possesses natural broad-spectrum UV protection and antioxidant pro-perties. In recent years, research on its application in UV-shielding materials has garnered attention. This paper begins by introducing the generation, basic characteristics, and absorption mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation, followed by a brief overview of lignin's structure and its UV absorption mechanism. It then reviews the progress of lignin applications in sunscreen formulations, biodegradable UV-shielding films, and light management materials. Given that untreated lignin exhibits relatively low UV shielding performance and suffers from issues such as irregular morphology, poor dispersibility, large particle size, and heterogeneity, which limit its applicability, the current research status of lignin-based compo-site UV-shielding materials, where lignin is combined with other UV blockers, UV absorbers, and light stabilizers, is summarized. Lastly, future development directions are proposed, offering a reference for further research into enhancing the UV protection performance of lignin-based composite materials.

Elastic modulus of concrete is an important research area for the deformation resistance of structural members, and coarse aggregate is one of the significant factors affecting the elastic modulus of concrete. The previous work has not adequately elucidated the mechanism by which coarse aggregate properties affect the elastic modulus of concrete. This paper analyzes the influence and mechanism of coarse aggregate lithology, water absorption, elastic modulus, particle morphology, gradation, and content on the elastic modulus of concrete. Methods for controlling the elastic modulus of concrete by adjusting the properties of coarse aggregates to alter the performance of the concrete interfacial transition zone (ITZ), the deformation amount of concrete, and the compactness of concrete are proposed. A systematic review of concrete elastic modulus prediction models proposed at home and abroad is provided, and the effectiveness of different models are evaluated, with the aim of providing guidance for the design of concrete with varying elastic modulus requirements.

To provide reference for the selection of disinfectant types, dosage, and hazard avoidance in practical applications, we compared and analyzed the corrosiveness of vaporized hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide gas which are commonly used fumigation disinfectants in the field of biosafety. Under the same temperature and humidity conditions, the metal and non-metal materials in the field of biosafety were selected as disinfection objects. They were placed in a 1 m³ sealed chamber with the relative humidity of 50% and the temperature of 20 ℃, and exposed to 6.5 g/m³ of vaporized hydrogen peroxide and 3.3 g/m³ of chlorine dioxide gas for 1.5 h. This experiment was repeated 20 times. The corrosion and changes in properties of the materials were analyzed through weighing, apparent observation, and transmittance testing. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide has mild corrosion on most stainless steel, copper, aluminum alloys, and chromium coatings. Chlorine dioxide gas shows mo-derate corrosion on copper and aluminum, and mild corrosion on stainless steel and chromium coatings. These two fumigation disinfectants have no obvious corrosion to non-metallic materials, and slight corrosion to materials such as PP, PMMA, and color coated steel plates. Chlorine dio-xide gas can change the appearance of TPU and ABS. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide gas fumigation disinfections have good compatibility with metal materials, and neither cause severe corrosion or significant changes in material properties. Chlorine dioxide gas can cause color changes in certain non-metallic materials. Comparatively speaking, the impact of vaporized hydrogen peroxide on materials is smaller than that of chlorine dioxide gas. In the practical application of the two fumigation disinfectants, their material compatibility should be fully considered to simultaneously ensure disinfection effectiveness and minimize the impact on material properties.

Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) technology has emerged as a prominent research and application in the manufacturing field due to its efficient near-net-shape forming. Compared with conventional material processing methods, AM, based on the layer-by-layer superposition principle, enables the customized design and preparation of parts with specialized shapes and dimensions along with shorter production cycles and reduced material consumption. Given the extensive application potential of aluminum alloys in aerospace, rail transit, new energy, and other fields, AM technology facilitates the rapid development and application of aluminum alloy components, even in intricate and complex structures. However, there are many issues in additive-manufactured aluminum alloys, such as porosity, cracking, and internal residual stress due to metal melting and rapid solidification during the AM process. These concomitant defects can degrade the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of the parts. Therefore, advanced AM technologies for aluminum alloys are crucial to overcoming the application bottlenecks by optimizing the structure and properties. This paper reviewed the current state of AM technologies in aluminum alloys, including selective laser melting, wire arc additive manufacturing, friction stir additive manufacturing, and cold spray additive manufacturing. The research status and technological advancements of AM technologies of aluminum alloy are summarized, and the processing-structure-performance relationship in various AM technologies is analyzed. Moreover, this paper provided insight into AM technologies of aluminum alloys, and offered guidance for exploring high-performance aluminum alloys.

Ultra-high temperature ceramic modified carbon/carbon (C/C-UHTCs) composites exhibit excellent mechanical properties under ultra-high temperature conditions, providing highly reliable advanced thermal structural materials for the research and development of next-generation hypersonic vehicles. This review summarizes the latest advances in preparation methods such as chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP), reactive melt infiltration (RMI), and slurry infiltration (SI) for enhancing the mechanical properties of C/C-UHTCs composites. Based on the characteristics of each preparation process, the factors influencing mechanical performance are analyzed in depth. Finally, future directions for the development of C/C-UHTCs composites with high mechanical properties are proposed.

Focused on the defect problems in the forming process of titanium alloy wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), This work analyzed the morphology defects such as undercutting, holes, and spheroidization during forming. Firstly, explored the correlation between process parameters and defects in the experiment, obtained the range of process parameters corresponding to each defect, and then deep learning was used to diagnose defects in the forming process of titanium alloy wire arc additive manufacturing. Morphological defects such as undercutting, hole, and spheroidization was classified, identified, and predicted. The search method was used to obtain the best training hyperparameters within a certain range, and the classification performance of four different novel convolutional neural network architectures (CNN) was compared. Image enhancement was used to classify and recognize 4 404 defect images in the forming process for training. The results show that ConvNeXtV2 model has a classification accuracy of 99.06%, with the least training time and parameters, and the best overall performance, the image recognition prediction time is 4.03 ms. It can be used for subsequent feedback control to improve the forming quality of titanium alloy wire arc additive manufacturing.

In recent years, with the rapid development of high-speed railway in China, the train speeds are continuously increasing, which puts forward higher requirements for the safety, stability, and reliability of rail vehicles. The complex and varied service conditions have significant impacts on the strength, stiffness and even fatigue life of rail vehicle components. Consequently, it is of greater engineering value and practical significance to carry out research on the theories and methods for multiaxial fatigue life prediction of materials under conditions that closely resemble the real service conditions of rail vehicle components (such as composite loading and high/low temperature). Firstly, this paper reviewed and summarized the traditional multi-axial fatigue life prediction theories and methods of rail vehicle component materials, especially introduced the multi-axial fatigue life prediction model based on critical plane method in detail. Secondly, introduced the application of finite element method in the conventional multiaxial fatigue life prediction of rail vehicle component materials, as well as in the emerging multi-axial fatigue life prediction of rail vehicle parts. Finally, proposed the main problems and challenges of current researches. This paper has great significance for the further development of multi-axial fatigue life prediction theories and methods of rail vehicle component materials.

Novel metallic single-atom photocatalysts have attracted much attention in the photocatalytic field due to their strong photocatalytic activity, selectivity, and atom utilization. However, its defects such as high surface free energy and unstable structure lead to many limitations in the practical application of photocatalysis. With the rapid research and development of photocatalyst preparation technology, it has been found that the photocatalysts prepared by anchoring metallic single atoms to graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) exhibit simultaneously multiple advantages, such as low cost, good electrical conductivity, easy preparation, structural stability, good adsorption performance, and high efficiency of electron/hole separation and transfer, which can effectively solve the aforementioned problems. At present, this type of catalyst has found widely application in hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, and hydrogenation reactions, but research on efficient degradation of various organic pollutants in water is relatively limited. In view of this, this paper takes metallic single atoms/g-C₃N₄ as the research object, describes the synthesis method of single atoms (mainly metal atoms)/g-C₃N₄ in detail, analyzes and discusses the action mechanism between different types of single atoms and g-C₃N₄, and reviews its progress of its application in the fields of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, dyes and phenol, and also provides detailed discussion and suggestions on the problems encountered in the practical application in this field. The progress of its application in the fields of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, dyes and phenolics is summarized, and the problems encountered in the practical application in this field are discussed in detail and the relevant suggestions are given.