In the rapidly evolving landscape of integrated circuit technology, as process nodes continue to shrink to the nanometer level, the demands placed on interconnect materials and their processing technology are becoming increasingly stringent. Cobalt (Co), an emerging metal material, is gaining traction as a preferred choice forcopper (Cu) interconnect barrier layers and potential interconnect materials due to its exceptio-nal thermal stability, void-free filling ability, and strong adhesion to Cu wiring. However, this heightened interest in cobalt is accompanied by a high demand for surface smoothness and cleanliness, driving extensive research and innovation in chemomechanical polishing (CMP) processes and post CMP cleaning process. This paper aims to review the current application status of Co as Cu interconnect barrier and new interconnect material in integrated circuits, respectively. The impact of various slurry components on the material removal rate, galvanic corrosion, and removal selection ratio in CMP process are analyzed. Furthermore, the crucial role of cleaning solutions is discussed in post CMP cleaning process. Through precise chemical formula design, defects such as nanoparticles and organic residues can be effectively removed to ensure that the Co surface achieves high levels of cleanliness and flatness. Additionally, the review identifies the limitations of current research and offers forward-looking insights into the development of more environmentally friendly and efficient Co CMP and post-CMP cleaning technologies.

Recently, modern military detection technology and precision-guided weapons have developed rapidly. The wide application of radar and infrared detection and guidance methods has promoted radar/infrared compatible stealth materials to a research hotspot in the field of stealth materials. The fundamental differences in detection principle of radar and infrared detection leads to completely different requirements for the electromagnetic properties of stealth materials in the two bands. Researchers use the difference in the wavelength of the two bands to achieve differentiated response to electromagnetic waves, and carry out the design of radar/infrared compatible stealth materials. In this paper, the basic theory and design principle of radar/infrared stealth are systematically expounded, the research progress of radar/infrared compatible stealth materials is reviewed, and the future development direction is prospected.

To investigate the mechanical performance degradation mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) in hydrothermal environments, samples were immersed in water baths filled with distilled water at temperatures of 30 ℃ and 50 ℃, respectively. Tensile and compressive tests were performed using CFRP samples aged for 0 (unaged), 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days. Effects of hygrothermal aging on surface morphology and failure modes were analyzed via SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). A two-dimensional constitutive model, which was capable of simulating the influences of hygrothermal aging on the intralaminar cracking and interlaminar delamination, was developed utilizing the user subroutine VUMAT of the ABAQUS software. Mechanical performance calculations for CFRP composites were conducted under both pre-aging and saturated water absorption conditions. Experimental results showed that the moisture absorption behavior of CFRP composites followed Fick's law at both 30 ℃ and 50 ℃. Mechanical properties of CFRP composites showed a decrease with the temperature/aging time increasing. Moreover, compared to the tensile performance, the compressive properties of CFRP composites were more sensitive to the variation of environments. After 30 days of aging in a 50 ℃ environment, the tensile strength and modulus decreased by 8.11% and 7.08%, respectively, which was worse than the 39.3% and 10.8% reductions for the compressive strength and modulus, respectively. Deterioration of the fiber-matrix interface and the epoxy matrix caused by moisture diffusion was identified as the reason for compressive performance degradation.

When the graphite anode colloidal dispersion slurry is coated onto a non-porous rigid substrate and dried, the stresses generated during the drying process may cause cracks in the film. These cracks can negatively impact battery performance, accelerate degradation, and shor-ten the battery’s lifespan. Therefore, understanding the crack characteristics and their formation mechanisms is crucial to preventing cracking of the electrode. While many studies and models have been conducted on the drying cracks of colloidal dispersion films, there is relatively little research on the cracking behavior of battery electrode pieces. This article systematically reveals the cracking mechanism and influencing factors during the drying process of electrode films, deeply analyzes the models of microstructural changes and internal stress development in electrode, and summarizes the progress in research on drying-induced cracking of electrode films. Studies have shown that the stress caused by capillary pressure is the main cause of drying-induced crack, which is mainly affected by the material properties of the electrode and the boundary conditions of the film. Additionally, this paper explores the technical challenges associated with inhibiting drying-induced cracking in the electrode, providing valuable insights for addressing the cracking issues in electrode manufacturing.

Ammonia is a crucial chemical feedstock and energy carrier. However, the conventional Haber-Bosch method for ammonia synthesis requires high temperature and high pressure, leading to significant energy consumption and substantial carbon dioxide emissions. In recent years, the research focus has shifted towards the sustainable synthesis of ammonia using catalytic technologies under ambient conditions, particularly the nitrate reduction to ammonia. This review provides an overview of the reaction pathways and mechanisms involved in catalytic nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis. Then the recent advances in catalytic nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis are analyzed in depth from the two aspects of electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. In the field of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction, the focus is on catalyst modification methods and the reasons for enhanced ammonia production performance during the nitrate reduction processes. Subsequently the strategies for designing photoelectrocatalysts for nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis are thoroughly analyzed, including element doping, heterojunction construction, and defect engineering, aiming at enhancing catalytic efficiency and selectivity. This review finally summarizes the current challenges in catalytic nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis, such as improving the reaction kinetics and enhancing catalyst stability, and discusses future prospects for the development of this technology. Catalytic nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis holds promise for revolutionary changes in ammonia production, reducing reliance on conventional energy-intensive processes and mitigating environmental burdens, thereby contributing to sustainable development efforts.

As a green and clean production technology, photocatalytic process is an effective way to alleviate energy and environmental problems. Semiconductor material is a good choice for photocatalysts because of their suitable band gaps, but the photocatalytic efficiency is not ideal due to its small specific surface area, low utilization rate of sunlight and easy recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the process of photocatalytic reaction. Carbon quantum dots are spherical carbon nanomaterials, which are essential for improving photocatalytic efficiency due to their unique upconversion luminescence properties and good electron transfer ability, in addition to high specific surface area, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Therefore, coupling and modification of carbon quantum dots with semiconductor materials is an important method to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductor materials. In this paper, the preparation method of carbon quantum dots is introduced, its unique optical and electronic properties are clarified, and the applications of carbon quantum dots in the fields of photocatalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, photocatalytic reduction of CO₂, photocatalytic removal of heavy metal pollution and photocatalytic sterilization are emphatically expounded. Finally, the shortcomings of carbon quantum dots in photocatalytic application at present are briefly summarized and its future development is prospected.

Gastric retention hydrogels represent a potential material with weight-loss effects and offer an effective solution to address the low bioavailability of drugs in pharmaceutical therapy. This study aims to develop a degradable hydrogel capable of prolonged retention in the stomach, facilitating both weight loss and drug release. Two degradable macromolecular cross-linking agents were synthesized, with acrylamide as the main mo-nomer, mixed with chitosan solution for the preparation of a degradable hydrogel with a semi-interpenetrating network (sIPN) structure initiated by a redox initiator. The morphology and chemical structure of the prepared hydrogels were characterized using analytical techniques such as SEM and FTIR. In vitro drug release experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel achieved controlled drug release, extending the drug's retention time in the stomach. The swelling performance, biocompatibility and degradation properties of the hydrogel in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) were also evaluated. Results indicated that the hydrogel with cross-linking agent ratio 4∶6 exhibited a swelling ratio of 2 700%, excellent biocompatibility and a weight loss of 7% in SGF over 5 days. The 4∶6 hydrogel had a compressive modulus greater than 13 kPa at 60% deformation, demonstrating resistance to gastric peristalsis. Therefore, the chitosan sIPN hydrogel holds promising potential for applications in weight loss and the treatment of gastric diseases.

The research and prediction of material damping properties are particularly important in view of a series of negative effects such as parts fai-lure, precision decline and structural damage caused by unavoidable vibration, shock and noise in engineering applications. As a structural material, the damping properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites are widely concerned by experts and scholars at home and abroad. In this paper, the damping sources and the main methods for predicting damping properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites are described. Taking resin base, ceramic base, carbon base, metal base and sandwich materials as examples, the main research achievements of domestic and fo-reign experts on the influence of matrix modification, sandwich materials and damage on the damping properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites are introduced, and the research on damping properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites is summarized.

In recent years, numerous research has demonstrated that self-doping enables precise modulation of the conductivity type (p-type or n-type) in organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite materials, leading to improved light absorption and charge carrier transport, ultimately resulting in enhanced power conversion efficiency of solar cells. Furthermore, the sequential deposition of perovskite layers with different doping types has facilitated the development of novel bilayer perovskite homojunction/heterojunction (P-P junction) solar cells. When compared to conventional pe-rovskite solar cells, P-P junction solar cells exhibit an additional built-in electric field within the photoactive layer, which efficiently promotes the transmission of carrier, effectively reducing non-radiative recombination. Additionally, the inherent bipolar charge transport characteristics of perovskite materials allow them to function as both electron and hole transport layers. Consequently, the introduction of P-P junctions obviates the need for separate transport layers, thereby optimizing device architecture and simplifying fabrication processes. These advancements provide a promising direction for the further development of perovskite solar cells. This paper focuses on organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite materials, providing detailed insights into the methods employed to regulate self-doping types. It also comprehensively reviews the applications of self-doped perovskites in solar cells, elucidates the physical mechanisms and influencing factors associated with self-doped P-P junction solar cells, and concludes with a summary and outlook on the current technological challenges and future prospects in this field.

Biomass-based hard carbon is a widely used material in the preparation of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost and abundance of carbon sources. However, the electrical properties of biomass-based hard carbon materials prepared by direct carbonization are difficult to meet the demand due to the limitations of biomass precursor components and structural properties. Consequently, there has been a surge in research activity aimed at optimising the components and structure of biomass precursors through the application of specific pretreatment techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the various pretreatment processes, their roles and mechanisms of biomass resource utilisation, and the latest research developments in the field of biomass-based hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The paper reviews the efficacy of three main categories of chemical, physical and biological pretreatment techniques, and provides a reference point for subsequent researchers engaged in the selection and application of pretreatment processes for biomass-based hard carbon materials.

The grain boundary diffusion process (GBDP) of heavy rare earth elements such as Dy and Tb into Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets is the most important approach to enhance the magnets with high coercive force. This paper briefly introduces the concept of GBDP and the application status in the manufacture of high-performance sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. The latest representative research results in recent years are analyzed, and several possible problems that need to be overcome are presented. This review has certain guiding significance for the further development of high performances Nd-Fe-B magnetic materials.

The shaped warhead, with the main component of shaped charge liner, is the primary means for drones to damage armor, bunkers, and other targets. The present review is based on the penetration mechanism of shaped charge liners and the development tendency of ‘high penetration, large reaming and strong aftereffect'. It first outlines the conventional methods such as structural designing and inert material modification for enhancing damage capabilities of shaped charge liners, and reveals the inadequacy of these conventional methods in simultaneously promoting longitudinal and lateral damage capability. It second describes the current research status of energetic structural materials for enhanced shaped charge liners, demonstrating their effectiveness in enhancing comprehensive damage effect while also clarifying their limitations in comprehensive mechanical properties. It finally states the basic concept of multi-principal element alloys and their applicative potential in energetic structural materials for shaped charge liners. This paper can not only serve as a reference for developing new generation high-damage shaped charge liner and materials but also provide new insight for their applicative research.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (Li-S batteries) are regarded as one of the most promising modern energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density and specific capacity. However, their commercial application still faces huge challenges, such as fast capacity decay, poor cycle stability and short lifetime, originating from the shuttle effect, high electrochemical energy barrier, low conductivity of sulfur species, and volume change of sulfur cathode. Optimizing functional separators and designing appropriate positive electrode materials for batteries is a feasible approach. Two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based materials are now widely used in Li-S batteries as sulfur host materials, since they are highly controllable and have a wide range of physical, chemical, and electrochemical characteristics. This paper reviews the research progress of 2D carbon-based materials in Li-S batteries, including graphene, 2D defective carbon-based materials, non-metallic doped carbon-based materials, metal-doped carbon-based materials, non-metallic carbides and metal carbides, and their corresponding catalytic performance. Finally, we highlight a few issues that still require addressing and forecast the future development in the application of Li-S batteries.

Phosphorus removal by phosphorus adsorbent is a common way to remove phosphorus from water. Compared with other phosphorus adsorbents, lanthanum-based phosphorus binders have the advantages of strong phosphorus affinity, wide pH adaptability, and environmental friendliness. Among the lanthanum-based phosphorus binders, lanthanum hydroxide has high lanthanum content, and hence, greater phospho-rus removal potential. In this study, nano-lanthanum hydroxide was prepared by precipitation method for phosphorus removal in water. Through orthogonal test, the optimum preparation conditions were obtained as 1-hour reaction at 80 ℃ and a LaCl₃ solution of 0.12 mol·L^-1. It was observed by transmission electron microscopy that the prepared nano-lanthanum hydroxide was nanorods with lengths of about 65 nm and diameters of 5.8 nm. The experimental results showed that nano-lanthanum hydroxide could effectively adsorb phosphorus in solution in a wide pH range (1—7), and the temperature rise was conducive to the phosphorus adsorption process. At 310 K and pH=3, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of nano-lanthanum hydroxide could reach 131.11 mg·g^-1. The phosphorus adsorption process of nano-lanthanum hydroxide conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isothermal equation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the mechanism of nano-lanthanum hydroxide phosphorus removal included dissolution precipitation, electrostatic adsorption and ligand exchange between phosphate and OH^- in nano-lanthanum hydroxide to form stable inner sphere complexes.

Asa kind of novel materials, high-entropy alloys have attracted much attention due to their complex compositions and excellent properties. By employing machine learning methods with high-throughput data processing, the key factors dominating the microstructure and performance of high-entropy alloys can be identified and screened, which enables the phase microstructures or the performances to be rapidly predicted and the composition efficiently optimized. In this paper, the recent progresses in high-entropy alloy design assisted by machine learning are reviewed, covering phase microstructure prediction, composition design, mechanical property and performance forecasting, and multi-objective optimization. Former researches indicate that the alloy compositions play crucial roles in determining phase microstructures, and machine learning models incorporated with empirical features can be used for efficiently and accurately predicting the microstructures of high-entropy alloy. Moreover, the machine learning models can search for better composition, microstructure to mechanical properties in the extensive composition space of high-entropy alloys through forward prediction or backward optimized design. Among these, the regression model can effective predictthe mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys, whereas the high-accuracy prediction of properties will promote phase microstructure design. The NSGA-II algorithm, in conjunction with Pareto optimal solutions, generates optimal solution sets through crossover and mutation for multi-objective optimization. Further development of machine learning models requires the establishment of high-quality databases and the improvement of data-driven relationships among compositions, phase microstructures and properties of high entropy alloys.

The shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish redox kinetics severely hinder the commercial application of lithium-sulfur batteries. The present work made a successful attempt to synthesize an ultrafine α-MoC nanocrystalline material loaded on a nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) substrate, namely MoC/NPC, in which the confinement effect of carbon on MoC nanocrystals could be optimized by controlling the ratio of carbon source to molybdenum source. Appropriate MoC nanocrystal diameter and NPC content were found to lead to the strongest adsorption for LiPSs and full exposure of sulfur-reactive active sites. This not only effectively suppresses the shuttle effect but also accelerates the reaction kinetics of Li₂S deposition and nucleation. The optimum product, MoC/NPC-12, synthesized with a mass ratio of dicyandiamide (C source) to CdMoO₄(Mo source) of 12, demonstrated excellent rate capability (634.4 mAh·g^-1 at 4C), high discharge capacity (1 203.9 mAh·g^-1 at 0.2C), and exceptional cycle stability (a capacity decay rate of only 0.093% per cycle during 400 cycles at 1C) when loaded with~1.2 mg·cm^-2 sulfur. And despite a further increment of sulfur loading to 3.8 mg·cm^-2, an initial areal capacity of MoC/NPC-12@S of 4.7 mAh·cm^-2 could still be achieved. This work provides valuable insights for the rational design and optimization of catalyst host materials in lithium-sulfur batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and no memory effect. Germanium-based anode materials have emerged as a key focus of research in the realm of lithium-ion batte-ries, owing to their high theoretical specific capacity (approximately 4 times that of graphite), low lithium insertion potential, and excellent conductivity (roughly 10⁴ times that of silicon). In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on the synthesis and modification of germanium-based anode materials, resulting in significant breakthroughs. However, there are still many challenges in the cycling stability of germa-nium-based anode materials, mainly due to the severe volume effect and unstable interface during the charge and discharge processes. This paper presents the preparation methods, morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of diverse germanium-based anode materials through the lens of four modification strategies: dimensional nanostructuring, porous structuring, carbon material composites, and alloying. Finally, it delves into the research progress of modification techniques and approaches for germanium-based anode materials, along with outlining future research directions.

In the process of washing photovoltaic monocrystalline silicon wafer, the maximum stress may cause damage to the silicon wafer. The determination of the distribution of the stress on the silicon wafer and the maximum stress position on the silicon wafer are of great significance to reduce the damage of the silicon wafer. In this work, based on the Levy solution model of the short-shaped plate, the deflection and stress values of the silicon wafers of different sizes are calculated. Then, ABAQUS finite element software is used to simulate the stress generated in the process of silicon wafer washing. The results show that the maximum stress value appears on the free edge (y=b) or the fixed edge (y=0) when the wafer's aspect ratio b/a=2, 1 and 0.5 are calculated by using the Levy solution model of the short-shaped plate. When the wafer width a is fixed and the length b is gradually increased, the stress value is maximum when the aspect ratio b/a=0.5 on the fixed side, and the stress value is maximum when the aspect ratio b/a=0.9 on the free side. When the aspect ratio of the silicon wafer b/a=0.1—1.5, the maximum stress of the silicon wafer is distributed on the solid support edge, and when the aspect ratio of the silicon wafer b/a=1.5—2, the maximum stress of the silicon wafer is distributed on the free edge. The determination of the maximum stress position by the maximum deflection can reduce a lot of calculation, but it is not comprehensive and accurate. The results obtained by ABQUS finite element analysis are consistent with the stress distribution calculated by Levy solution model of rectangular plate, but there are some errors in the stress value. By combining the results of Levy solution model of rectangular plate with Mohr theory, the relation formula between the washing pressure and the thickness of silicon wafer is derived. When the thickness of the silicon wafer is determined, the maximum washing pressure that can be borne on the silicon wafer can be calculated; conversely, when the washing pressure is determined, the minimum thickness that will not be destroyed when the silicon wafer is washed can be obtained.

Due to the hydrogels with high-water content, hydrogels typically exhibit low mechanical properties and anti-freezing performance. Usually, these performances were improved by reducing the water content of the hydrogels. While this limited the applications of the hydrogels. This work used a one-step soaking method, utilizing the Hofmeister effect to induce the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer chain self-assemble forming a uniform hydrophobic entangled cross-linked network and hydrogen bond cross-linked network structure. The inorganic salt ions introduced in the Hofmeister effect can also form hydration with water molecules. These can endow the PVA hydrogels good mechanical flexibility and anti-freezing performance, constructing the PVA hydrogels with high mechanical flexibility (breaking strength and elongation at break of 25.02 MPa and 935%, respectively) and anti-freezing performance (freezing point of -47.6 ℃). Besides, the introduction of salt ions can also provide free-moving ions for the ionic conductivity of the hydrogels. This hydrogel with excellent comprehensive properties can be applied to the field of flexible ionic conductivity with wide operating temperature and mechanical performance requirements.

GF/PP composites were prepared using the one-step process of direct fiber feeding injection molding (DFFIM), and the effect of injection speed and plasticization temperature on the properties of composites fabricated by DFFIM was studied, and the advantages of DFFIM technology were experimentally compared with the “two-step” technology. The results show that when the injection speed increases from 5 mm/s to 45 mm/s, the mechanical properties of GF/PP composites show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the maximum tensile, bending and unnotched impact strength are 95.0 MPa, 133.9 MPa and 61.7 kJ/m², respectively, at the injection speed is 15 mm/s. When the plasticizing temperature increases from 205 ℃ to 250 ℃, the mechanical properties of the composite gradually improve, and when the plasticizing temperature continues to increase to 265 ℃, the tensile and impact strength of the composite decrease significantly, while the bending strength decreases from 133.9 MPa at 250 ℃ to 132.9 MPa. Compared with the “two-step” technology, GF/PP composites fabricated by DFFIM have obvious fiber length advantages, but after the glass fiber content exceeds 30%, its mechanical properties are gradually lower than the composite fabricated by the “two-step” technology using L-GFPP pellets.

8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) thin films are the core components of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which directly affect the output performance of SOFCs. In this paper, the characteristics of the thinning process of zirconia electrolyte are introduced. The effects of sintering additives, binder systems and slurry rheology on zirconia slurry are analyzed in detail. The influences of tape casting process parameters including casting speed and drying environment on the thickness and quality of zirconia green tapes are summarized. The advanced sintering me-thods of zirconia green tapes are described, and the effects of electrolyte thickness and structure on the density and ionic conductivity of zirconia electrolyte films are discussed. Finally, the research direction of tape casting process for preparation of high-quality zirconia thin films has been prospected.

Titanium resources in China account for about one-third of the global titanium resources reserves, but they exist mainly in the form of primary titanium (magnetic) iron ore where titanium and iron are symbiosed, and it is complicated and difficult to efficiently utilize this kind of resources. The technological status of TiO₂ extraction from ilmenite and production of titanium dioxide is reviewed in the summary. The characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of various methods are analyzed. The analysis shows that the main preparation methods are sulfuric acid method, hydrochloric acid method, fluorination method, molten salt method and alkaline roasting method. Sulfuric acid method, the main stream process for the production of titanium dioxide in China, has low requirements on raw materials, but there are several problems such as long production process, low product quality, difficult treatment of by-products and “three wastes” discharge. Hydrochloric acid method, using extraction process to separate iron, has some problems such as co-extraction of ferrotitanium and equipment corrosion caused by volatile hydrochloric acid, and some defects such as high price of extractant and difficult recycling. The fluorination method, using NH₄F or NH₄HF₂ as the leaching agent, has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, but has the problem of equipment corrosion. The submolten salt process, using a high concentration of KOH liquid phase medium to decompose ilmenite, has advantages of mild reaction conditions and low “three wastes” discharge, but has the defects of large consumption of submolten salt and difficult recycling of lye. Alkaline roasting method, using weak acid to decompose ilmenite after roasting, is superior in technology, but has problems of large consumption of alkaline substances and high cost. It is still in the research stage. To prepare titanium dioxide with ilmenite as raw materials, it is still necessary to optimize and improve the traditional process, and increase the investment in research and development of new processes, in order to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing preparation scheme and promote the healthy development of the titanium dioxide industry.

Ceramic materials have advantages such as high hardness, high temperature resistance, electrical insulation, and bio-compatibility, making them ideal application materials in fields like aerospace, machinery, electronics, and medicine. However, conventional preparation methods cannot meet the current needs for complex structures and customization. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing of ceramic materials has gained increasing attention and research due to its advantages of low cost, wide applicability, and high efficiency. It is expected to fundamentally solve the problems of efficient printing and complex structure development in ceramics. In this paper, the processes of FDM, including feedstocks preparation, extrusion molding, debinding and sintering, were introduced and the research status of FDM in the field of fiber-reinforced composite ceramic materials was elaborated. The main factors affecting printing and properties were analyzed, and finally, application and deve-lopment of FDM in ceramic materials were prospected.

Thermal expansion is the phenomenon where the geometric dimensions of a material increase as the temperature rises, and decrease as the temperature decreases. At present, the research focus at home and abroad is mostly on zero expansion and negative expansion materials, while research on positive expansion materials appears to be relatively scarce. Among metal materials, ceramic materials, polymer materials, and composite materials, polymer materials have the highest thermal expansion capacity. Among commonly used polymers, nylon 66 (PA-66) has the highest linear expansion coefficient, which is 162.3×10^-6 K^-1 at 25—85 ℃. In the fields of flexible sensors and soft robots, materials are required to have higher thermal expansion capabilities and even control their thermal expansion capabilities. The use of multiple materials with mismatched thermal expansion capabilities can cause defects such as surface cracks or interface peeling, thereby limiting the application of materials. In recent years, research methods for improving the thermal expansion capacity of polymer materials can be roughly divided into three types: matrix optimization, molecular design, and structural design. This article reviews the research progress of positively expanding polymer materials in recent years, with a focus on two methods: molecular design and structural design, and it is pointed out that both methods significantly improve the linear expansion coefficient of the material. This provides literature support for the later research on high thermal expansion polymer materials with linear relationship between size change and temperature change.

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has significant advantages and great potential in the field of structural repair and reinforcement due to its excellent mechanical and durability properties.The bond performance of UHPC-normal concrete (NC) interface is very important for achieving a good reinforcement effect.Based on the oblique shear test,here analyzed the influence of UHPC strength and reinforcement thickness on the bond performance of UHPC-NC interface.The results show that the interface bond performance between post-cast UHPC and NC is excellent,and the failure modes of oblique shear specimens are mostly NC failure or simultaneous failure of interface and NC.The bond strength of UHPC-NC interface increases slightly with the increase of UHPC strength.The strength grade of UHPC increases from C100 to C140,and the interfacial bond strength of the specimen increases by 2.58 MPa (14.66%).The thickness of UHPC reinforcement has a more significant effect on the interfacial bond strength.The interfacial bond strength of the specimen with a thickness of 150 mm can be increased by 6.68 MPa (38%) compared with the specimen with a thickness of 75 mm.Based on the test results,a formula for calculating the shear strength of UHPC-NC interface considering the roughness of UHPC-NC interface,the strength of matrix NC,the strength and thickness of UHPC was established.The calculation results by the formula agree well with the test results.

As an innovative environmentally friendly green solvent, ionic liquids(IL)have been widely used as structure-directing agents, reaction solvents, reducing agents and solvents in the field of nanomaterial preparation due to their adjustable physical and chemical properties, wide solubility, biocompatibility and excellent ionic conductivity. In view of the outstanding performance of different kinds of ionic liquids in the field of preparation and modification of nanomaterials, the application of ionic liquids in the field of preparation of nanomaterials is described in detail. The application progress of ionic liquids in the preparation of nanomaterials such as metals, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes and nanocellulose is analyzed. At the same time, the functional characteristics of ionic liquids in regulating the stability, morphology and properties of nanomaterials are summarized. New suggestions are put forward for the application of ionic liquids in the preparation of nanomaterials in the future. It is pointed out that the precise regulation of ionic liquids to prepare specific functional nanomaterials is an important research direction in the future.

With the development and application of novel high speed aircraft and high thrust ratio engines in the aerospace field, discontinuously reinforced heat-resistant titanium matrix composites (DRTMCs) have been focused extensively owing to its excellent properties such as lightweight, heat resistance, high strength, and superior processing and deformation performance. An effective method to improve the heat resistance of DRTMCs is to add multiple and multi-scale discontinuous reinforcements to titanium alloy matrix to control their formation of specific microstructural configurations. In this summary, the current research process of DRTMCs is reviewed from the aspects of titanium alloy matrix selection, methods of reinforcement phase regulation, manufacturing techniques of the composites and so on. Furthermore, in conjunction with advanced manufacturing technologies, future research prospects for this class of composites are presented.

Heat-resistant alloys have important applicationsin high-temperature servicing environment due to their excellent oxidation resistance, among which nickel-based and iron-based heat-resistant alloys are more widely used. With the proposal of “dual carbon” strategic target, the continuously developed aerospace and energy technologies make the servicing environment harsher, which puts forward a greater challenge to heat-resistant alloys. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new types of heat-resistant alloys with superior high-temperature oxidation resistance. Protective Al₂O₃ film formed through addition of Al exhibits characteristics of low growth rate, high densification and excellent thermal stability, making Al-containing heat-resistant alloys apopular research topic recently. In this summary,the advantages and disadvantages of three kinds of protective oxide films were compared. Then, the development of Al-containing heat-resistant alloys was reviewed. Moreover, the key factors affecting the oxidation behavior of Al-containing nickel-based and iron-based alloys were analyzed, and the microscopic oxidation mechanism and common laws of the these alloys under high temperature were extracted. Finally, the problems existing at the present stage and the future development direction of Al-containing heat-resistant alloys were prospected.

The energy utilization efficiency of cement clinker grinding is less than 60%, with a significant amount of energy being wasted as heat. Additionally, the synthesis of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers (PCE), widely used in cement concrete, requires energy consumption. In this work, based on the principle of mechanochemical synthesis, PCE monomers were added to the cement clinker grinding process to synthesize PCE using the mechanical and thermal energy generated during grinding. This innovative approach aims to reduce energy consumption in cement and superplasticizer production. The effects of different PCE composition ratios on cement particle size and workability of paste were tested. The state of PCE on the cement surface was characterized using a combination of laser Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis methods. The results indicate that the PCE raw materials can react and adsorb on the surface of cement particles during the grinding process. Compared to the blank group, under the optimal raw material ratio, the average particle size of self-reducing cement decreased by 21.5% with the same grinding time, the initial workability increased by 110.0%, the compressive strength at 3 curing days improved by 20.3%, the compressive strength at 28 curing days improved by 15.9%, and the cumulative heat release decreased by 17.1%. This research demonstrates that in-situ synthesis of PCE during cement grinding can achieve both grinding assistance and water-reducing effects.

Polypropylene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PP/PMMA) composites have good mechanical properties and heat resistance, but poor compatibility between PP and PMMA results in limited mechanical properties and thermal stability. In this study, via emulsion polymerization, the poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene (P(St-co-MMA)/PS) Janus asymmetric latex nanoparticles (P(St-co-MMA) Janus NPs) with a size of about 118 nm were prepared, which were then introduced with different ratios into PP/10wt% PMMA and PP/30wt% PMMA systems to fabricate PP/PMMA/P(St-co-MMA) Janus NPs polymer blends using the techniques of melt blending and injection molding. Relevant analytical characterization was carried out, which indicated the dispersion of Janus nanoparticles introduced at the PP-PMMA interface, and as a consequence, the significant improvement in mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites. There had been found, 15.53% and 14.03% increments for PP/10wt% PMMA/0.9wt% P(St-co-MMA) Janus NPs composite and 37.09% and 32.35% ones for PP/30wt% PMMA/0.9wt% P(St-co-MMA) Janus NPs composite in impact and tensile strengths, respectively, as well as 39.51% and 33.37% rises at T₅ and T₅₀ (temperatures at 5% and 50% thermogravimetric weight losses) in PP/30wt% PMMA/0.9wt% P(St-co-MMA) Janus NPs composite, respectively, compared to their corresponding PP/PMMA analogues without Janus nanoparticles (PP/10wt% PMMA and PP/30wt% PMMA). The enhancement of P(St-co-MMA) Janus nanoparticles to mechanical properties and thermal stability of PP/PMMA polymer blends can be attributed to their capability of blocking phase separation and strengthening interfacial bonding.

Graphene/thermosetting resin composites are made of graphene powder as the reinforcement and thermosetting resin as the matrix. The addition of graphene powder significantly enhances the mechanical, ablation-resistant, electrical, corrosion-resistant, and wear-resistant properties of the thermosetting resin. Effective dispersion of graphene powder is key to improving the performance of thermosetting resins. The dispersion degree of graphene in the resin matrix can be significantly improved through surface modification and reasonable mixing methods. Moreover, characterizing the dispersion degree of graphene powder within the matrix is a core in the preparation of graphene/thermosetting resin compo-sites. This paper reviews the surface modification techniques of graphene powder, the mixing methods of graphene powder with resin, the means to characterize the dispersion degree of graphene powder, as well as the impact and mechanism of graphene powder on the macroscopic properties of thermosetting resin composites, and finally prospects the future development direction of graphene/thermosetting resin composite materials.

The principle and advantages of electrospark deposition (ESD) technology are introduced briefly, and the influence of the relative process parameters of ESD on coating performance is elaborated andsummarized. The improvement measures of traditional ESD process have been reviewed recently, together with the composite process technologies of ESD and other surface technologies. Finally, the development prospect of ESD process is presented.

In response to the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals and promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of energy, lithium ion batteries have been widely studied and applied in the field of new energy. The conventional aluminum foil current collectors have weak adhesion to the cathode active material and poor corrosion resistance in the electrolyte, and are easy to form an alumina film, thus affecting the service life of the lithium ion battery. Carbon-coated aluminum foil can effectively improve adhesion with the cathode active material, inhibit the polarization, reduce the internal resistance, and improve the rate performance and cycle performance of the battery. It has broad application prospects in lithium ion batteries. Based on the latest research results, this paper systematically introduces the preparation process of aluminum foil, expounds the common surface treatment methods of aluminum foil and its influence on the subsequent carbon-coated layer, summarizes the typical carbon-coated process and carbon-coated materials, and looks forward to the research focus and development trend of carbon-coated aluminum foil in the future, which provides a reference for the development and process research of carbon-coated aluminum foil.

Two-thirds of the gas fields in the Sichuan Basin contain acidic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, which causes corrosion morphology such as hydrogen bubbling, hydrogen induced cracking, stress corrosion cracking, and sulfide stress cracking inside pipelines, resulting in rapid pipeline perforation and an increased risk of pipeline accidents. Regular inspections of high sulfurnatural gas pipelines should be performed to ensure the inherent safety of the pipeline and to obtain a timely understanding of the operation status of the pipeline's inner wall. This summary discusses the benefits, drawbacks, and applications of five detection techniques: magnetic flux leakage, ultrasonic testing, electromagnetic acoustic transducers, eddy current testing, radiographic testing. Additionally, the on-site detection findings of three methods were presented, and the sensitivity and accuracy of several approaches were compared and assessed, providing solid data support for the integrity evaluation of high sulfur natural gas pipelines. Finally, based on the features of high sulfur natural gas pipelines, the selection of pipeline materials and the use of non-destructive testing techniques were addressed.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has attracted widespread research interest since its discovery due to its advantages such as fingerprint recognition, low detection limit, high sensitivity, easy operation, and the ability to detect onlineor offline. It mainly enhances the Raman signal of the target detection object exponentially by preparing and processing special substrates, effectively solving the problem of weak Raman scattering intensity, and even at the single-molecule detection level. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) based SERS substrates have shown impressive advantages such as high molecular compatibility and anti-fluorescence. Their enhancement mechanism for Raman signals is also different from traditional precious metal substrates. Therefore, researchers have conducted extensive research from the perspectives of enhancement mechanism, structural regulation, SERS performance, and applications. This article summarizes the research progress of TMDs based SERS, by introducing the development process and classification of SERS substrates, the structural control methods and performance, the application progress of transition metal sulfide SERS in food safety. Finally proposes the main problems and application development prospects.

In order to control the preparation of graphene and molybdenum disulfide lubricating oil nanoadditives and further improve their wide-temperature-range lubrication performance, graphene loaded molybdenum disulfide (RGO/MoS₂) nanoparticles were prepared via a one-step freeze-drying method. The microstructure and morphology of the nanoparticles were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The correlation between process parameters and the microstructure of RGO/MoS₂ was explored through ortho-gonal experiments, and the anti-friction and anti-wear performance of RGO/MoS₂ at different temperatures was studied. The results showed that the nanoflower-like spherical RGO/MoS₂ nanoparticles prepared by freeze-drying method uniformly adsorbed on the defect positions on the RGO surface with its thin sheets overlapped with each other, hence exhibited excellent dispersion and stability performance. The factors affecting the thickness of MoS₂ layers in RGO/MoS₂ could be sorted as: freezing method ＞ reaction temperature ＞ reaction time ＞ reaction pH value. The optimal preparation conditions determined included:-20 ℃ freezing, reaction temperature 180 ℃, reaction time 24 h, and reaction pH=1. RGO/MoS₂ as a lubricating oil additive has better friction reduction and wear resistance than MoS₂ single agent at high temperatures. The addition of 1.5wt% RGO/MoS₂ as a lubricating oil additive could achieve an average friction coefficient and a wear rate of only 0.062 5 and 2.95×10^-9 cm³/(N·m), respectively, under high temperature conditions of 250 ℃, 54.3% and 74.5% lower than those acquired by MoS₂ single agent.

Fe₃O₄@SDS, Fe₃O₄@CTAB, Fe₃O₄@SNC 16, and Fe₃O₄@NPC 16 (collectively called “Fe₃O₄@surfactants”) nanoparticles with good adsorption properties were prepared in this work by surface modification of ferric oxide using four kinds of surfactants differing in charge pola-rity, i.e., SDS (anionic surfactant), CTAB (cationic surfactant), and SNC 16 and NPC 16 (amphoteric surfactants). The prepared magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by means of XRD, TEM, FTIR, vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), and XPS. The effects of surfactant modification on the performance of magnetic Fe₃O₄ for adsorbing As(Ⅲ) were investigated by adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and adsorption thermodynamics. The prepared Fe₃O₄@surfactants particles were approximately spherical, with average particle sizes of around 10 nm. All the Fe₃O₄@surfactants had saturation magnetizations larger than 70 emu·g^-1, making them magnetically separable from solutions. The adsorption processes of As(Ⅲ) by Fe₃O₄@surfactants could reach equilibrium within 60 min, and corresponded well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm expression, indicating the mechanisms of chemisorption-dominant multi-molecular-layer adsorption. Under the same conditions, Fe₃O₄@CTAB showed the highest adsorption capacity for As(Ⅲ) (55.174 mg/g), largely superior to the other Fe₃O₄@surfactants, and could maintain 85% of its initial As(Ⅲ) removal efficiency after five cycles of reuse. This study provides technical support for developing novel magnetically separable nano-sorbent materials effective in removing As(Ⅲ) from water.

In order to alleviate the electromagnetic radiation dilemma in the marine environment and reduce the secondary electromagnetic wave pollution, it is necessary to develop an absorption-dominated electromagnetic shielding coating with corrosion resistance. In this work, Ni/Ag-coated Ni (Ni@Ag)/epoxy resin (EP) double-layer coating with high absorption, high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) and good salt spray corrosion resistance was successfully prepared by electroless plating and cold spraying. The coating was constructed with high magnetic Ni/EP as the upper impedance matching absorption layer and high conductivity Ni@Ag/EP as the lower reflective layer. Therefore the electromagnetic wave was easy to enter the interior of the double-layer coating, and could be effectively attenuated by the synergistic effect of magnetic loss and dielectric loss in the absorption layer, the reflection effect of the reflective layer, and the interference effect of the interface. The ultimate product Ni/Ni@Ag/EP double-layer coating exhibited excellent average EMI SE of 64.3 dB and high absorption coefficient of 0.74 in X band. In addition, the salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results proved the satisfactory salt spray corrosion resistance of Ni/Ni@Ag/EP double-layer coating. The output of this study provides a feasible strategy for the design of efficient electromagnetic shielding coating with absorption-dominant characteristics serving in marine environment.

With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and 5G communication technology, higher requirements have been put forward for the comprehensive performance of lithium-ion as a power source. In the research and development of many lithium-ion battery technologies, so-lid-state lithium-ion batteries have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent energy density and safety. As a key component of lithium batteries, the performance of solid-state electrolytes directly affects the overall performance of the battery, and the design and manufacture of so-lid-state electrolytes with excellent performance is crucial for promoting the practical application of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, the Li⁺ transport mechanism in inorganic solid-state electrolytes, polymer solid-state electrolytes and composite solid-state electrolytes is introduced, combined with the literature in recent years, the research progress of researchers using ion doping and the introduction of new preparation techniques to improve the performance of solid-state electrolytes is comprehensively reviewed, the application of different types of solid-state electrolytes in domestic and foreign enterprises is summarized, and finally the challenges and future development trends of solid-state electrolytes are prospected. The aim of this review is to provide useful information for developing new solid-state electrolyte materials with excellent comprehensive perfor-mance, so as to promote the rapid industrialization of solid-state electrolytes.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion poses a significant challenge to concrete sewer structures globally. This article provides a detailed explanation of the three stages of microbiologically influenced corrosion of concrete (MICC), i.e., non-biological neutralization, microbial colonization, and concrete corrosion and deterioration. Factors influencing the corrosion rate of MICC, such as sewage composition, environmental factors, coupled corrosion effect, biological factors, and pipeline factors, are reviewed, emphasizing the interplay among these factors. Various MICC testing methods, including mineral sulfuric acid test, biological sulfuric acid test, enhanced wastewater corrosion test, laboratory simulation test, full-scale test, and in-situ exposure test,are discussed. The major advantages and disadvantages of these assessment methods are outlined. Finally, the key issues in current MICC research are summarized, such as the synergistic effect of biofilm and microorganisms, experimental and evaluation standards, and the acceleration effect of steel reinforcement. Future research directions are pointed out, providing ideas for the study of microbial corrosion of concrete in underground sewage pipelines.