Maintaining thermal comfort is crucial for sustaining normal human physiological functions. Utilizing fibers and textiles for personal thermal regulation not only enhances thermal comfort but also contributes to reducing building energy consumption. However, traditional textiles often fail to meet diverse human thermal comfort needs, necessitating the development of novel wearable thermal management materials. Thanks to advancements in material chemistry, physics, and nanotechnology, numerous fibers and textiles with outstanding thermal management properties have been developed. This article reviews innovative strategies for temperature regulation and the latest advancements in wearable thermal management materials, focusing on various advanced passive and active thermal management materials. It aims to enhance understanding of the mechanisms behind these materials and provide a comprehensive reference for researchers in the field. It begins with an introduction to the phy-siological basis of human thermal regulation, followed by a detailed exploration of passive and active thermal management fibers and textiles, discussing their operational principles, advantages and disadvantages in various application scenarios. Finally, from a commercial perspective, the article discusses the future prospects and challenges of wearable thermal management fibers and textiles.

Electrochromic devices have the advantages of lightweight, fast response speed, good reusability, and easy preparation of flexible devices. They are widely used in fields such as smart sensors, smart windows, flexible wearable devices, and energy storage devices. Compared to liquid devices that are prone to leakage and have low safety, all solid state electrochromic devices are easy to package and have high safety, making them more versatile for comprehensive applications. This article first introduces the structure of electrochromic devices, provides a detailed overview of the performance and applications of inorganic and organic solid-state electrochromic devices, and compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages between the two devices. Finally, the development and application prospects of all solid state electrochromic devices are discussed from the perspectives of performance bottlenecks, process difficulties, and industrialization.

Cellulose-based photonic crystals are photonic crystals with cellulose and its derivatives as the main constituent materials, and their structures are usually composed of periodically arranged cellulose materials with different refractive indices or complexes of cellulose and other mate-rials, which enable effective control of the propagation characteristics of photons. The advantages of cellulose-based photonic crystals lie in the sustainability, biocompatibility and biodegradability of cellulose materials, which make them have a wide range of potential applications in the fields of biosensing, optical devices and chiral photonics. In recent years, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have attracted much attention in the preparation and application of photonic crystals due to their fine nanostructures, excellent mechanical properties, low expansion coefficients, as well as excellent plasticity and adhesion. However, there is still insufficient discussion on the research progress of other types of cellulose-based photonic crystals. Starting from the types of cellulose-based photonic crystals, this paper first outlines their optical modulation mechanisms and preparation methods, and further clarifies the applications of different types of cellulose-based photonic crystals in sensor devices, optical anti-counterfeiting and other smart materials. It ends with a prospective discussion on the existing problems and future trends.

Polarization detection technology is a vital optical sensing method characterized by its strong anti-interference capabilities and its effectiveness in enhancing detection range. It plays a significant role in various fields, including optical remote sensing, environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and underwater imaging. However, traditional polarization detection systems encounter challenges, such as bulky size and complex optical paths, which create substantial obstacles for miniaturization and integration. Metasurfaces, comprised of two-dimensional periodic arrays of artificially subwavelength elements, enable precise manipulation of optical fields according to the polarization states of incident light. This capability effectively reduces the size of polarization detection systems while enhancing device integration, offering innovative solutions for miniaturized polarization detection. This review analyzes the optical field manipulation mechanisms related to polarization detection and summarizes photon and photothermal polarization detectors based on metasurfaces. Additionally, it discusses existing challenges and future trends, aiming to provide valuable insights for further research in this field.

The traditional thermal control coating with fixed emissivity is difficult to meet the rapid development of China's aerospace industry, and the VO₂ intelligent thermal control coating, with the advantages of passive adaptation and strong designability, has become a hot spot of research at home and abroad. In this paper, based on the phase transition characteristics of VO₂ metal-insulator, the optical design methods and research progress of VO₂ intelligent thermal control coatings with four structures of F-P resonant cavity, metasurface, photonic crystal and nanocomposite film are reviewed by analyzing the emissivity regulation mechanism of VO₂ intelligent thermal control coatings in infrared band. It extracts the key factors affecting the engineering application of VO₂ smart thermal control coatings due to the decrease in spatial stability, and looks forward to the future development trends of VO₂ smart thermal control coatings.

All objects whose temperatures exceed absolute zero emit infrared thermal radiation which relates closely to the objects' emissivities. Due to the constant emissivity, most objects can only present a single thermal function. However, in practical applications, dynamic thermal radiation regulation is of great importance to meet the requirements for different environment and functions. Flexible and electroresponsively emissivity-dynamically-modulatable materials exhibit not only environment-condition-independent high tunability, but also favorable properties such as lightweight, flexibility, and portability, thereby are superior in both usage and storage. This review summarizes the research progress of some typical kinds of flexible and electroresponsively emissivity-dynamically-modulatable materials including conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, and reversibly electrodeposited metals, and outlines the applicative potential of flexible and electroresponsively thermal-radiation-dynamically-regulating devices. The paper ends with a discussion about the challenges and the future trends.

In order to effectively improve the demand for rapid integration of equipment with different backgrounds in the field, the adaptive thermochromic camouflage coating was prepared by a screen printing method which is conducive to large-scale production and low cost. By using fluorocarbon resin and acrylic resin to cover color-changing materials, the coating preparation system and preparation process were studied, and the reversible color-changing camouflage coating with application prospect was prepared by testing the properties of color-changing coatings. In this study, the rapid reversible adaptive change of camouflage coating was realized by the joint action of heating auxiliary layer and color-changing coating. The physicochemical properties of the coating were tested by means of colorimeter, universal tensile testing machine, water fastness tester and salt spray tester. The test results show that the thermochromic camouflage coating prepared by polyurethane resin system has a pro-mising application prospect. When the camouflage coating thickness is 0.6 mm, the coating discoloration time is 6—9 seconds. The application of color-changing camouflage coatings in forested and desert environments yields detection rates of 0.51 and 0.56, respectively.

The development of novel energy-efficient cooling technologies is of significant importance for the realization of effective building thermal management and energy-saving. Radiation is the most ubiquitous mode of heat transfer in nature, where solar and environmental thermal radiation plays a vital role serving as two critical energy vectors. The photothermal regulation could modulate the solar and thermal radiation properties, thus managing the internal temperature of objects. Materials exhibit varied spectral responses to solar and thermal radiations according to the specific demands of different scenarios, which could be categorized into active and passive photothermal control materials. Active photothermal regulation materials are favored for their high tunability and low energy consumption, while passive photothermal regulation materials are recognized for their zero-energy consumption and robust temperature regulation capabilities, both garnering extensive attention from researchers. This article, exemplifying active control and passive control with electrochromic materials and radiative cooling, respectively, focuses on outlining the regulatory principles of these emerging photothermal control technologies. It reviews the development of electrochromic and radiative cooling materials based on spectral design strategies and principles, and further summarizes the existing challenges and future development directions, providing a comprehensive perspective for researchers in the field of building energy saving.

With the development of industry and the consumption of fossil fuels, climate change, energy shortage, environmental pollution and other problems have become increasingly serious. It has become a global development trend to achieve sustainable development by developing green, environmentally friendly and renewable new materials. Photothermal conversion technology, can convert solar energy into heat energy and be used in many fields, has become one of the important methods to solve these crises. Wood is one of the most abundant renewable resources on the earth, and has been widely concerned by researchers because of its abundant reserves, renewable, degradable, simple and easy to obtain. The effective combination of wood and photothermal conversion can improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy and forest resources under the carbon neutralization strategy. This review introduces the mechanism of wood-based photothermal conversion materials, describes the current progress of photothermal conversion technology and wood construction of photothermal conversion materials, and gives a summary on the application of wood-based photothermal conversion materials in water treatment, electricity generation, hydrogen generation, phase change energy storage based on state-of-the-art researches, in order to provide reference and inspiration for related research and promote sustainable deve-lopment.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used in various fields due to their low density, high strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. However the relatively high cost of Ti limits its further application. By forming titanium coatings on the substrate, the cost can be greatly reduced, while still obtaining the desirable properties of Ti. Additionally, Ti coatings exhibit superior durability and mechanical properties compared to the conventional organic coatings, leading to the increasingly intensifying research in this field. This paper systematically clarifies the mainstream technologies for the preparation and post-treatment of Ti coatings, and summarizes worldwide researches of Ti coating with applications in the fields such as marine engineering, biomedical engineering, aerospace, etc. The paper ends with a prospective discussion about the existing challenges and the future trends with respect to the development of Ti coatings.

Aerogel composites are one of the most prominent new thermal insulation materials due to their structural functional properties such as low density, large specific surface area, high porosity and low thermal conductivity. This paper briefly describes the development history of aerogel composites, new methods for the preparation process of aerogel composites, analyzes the thermal insulation performance and mechanism of aerogel composites in terms of their microscopic morphological structure, heat transfer composition, thermal insulation and heat transfer characterization, and highlights the new progress made in recent years in the application of the thermal insulation performance of aerogel composites in many fields such as military aerospace, building energy conservation and environmental protection, energy storage and transformation, extreme environmental materials, electric vehicle batteries, refrigerated or frozen transportation and heating boiler pipelines. At the same time, the problems encountered in their application in various fields are discussed in detail and suggestions are given. In addition, the paper ends with an outlook on future research directions in the development, production and application of aerogel composites.

Electronic nose (E-nose) technology has been widely used as an effective method of olfactory simulation and odor recognition. The E-nose system is composed of an array of gas sensors that utilize their cross-reactivity for qualitative and quantitative gas analysis. Machine learning algorithms are commonly used in the E-nose system, with artificial neural networks being particularly prevalent. In addition to traditional machine learning algorithms, deep learning algorithms are also gradually being applied in E-nose systems. The E-nose system features high selectivity, precision, rapid response, stability, and scalability, and has been applied in various fields, such as toxic gas detection, air quality management, and food freshness and quality prediction. This paper reviews the latest research progress in the gas identification of E-nose systems, including the composition of gas sensor arrays based on MEMS technology, signal acquisition and processing units, and the classification of pattern recognition algorithms. Finally, the current problems and development prospects of E-nose system gas identification are summarized and discussed.

Recently, modern military detection technology and precision-guided weapons have developed rapidly. The wide application of radar and infrared detection and guidance methods has promoted radar/infrared compatible stealth materials to a research hotspot in the field of stealth materials. The fundamental differences in detection principle of radar and infrared detection leads to completely different requirements for the electromagnetic properties of stealth materials in the two bands. Researchers use the difference in the wavelength of the two bands to achieve differentiated response to electromagnetic waves, and carry out the design of radar/infrared compatible stealth materials. In this paper, the basic theory and design principle of radar/infrared stealth are systematically expounded, the research progress of radar/infrared compatible stealth materials is reviewed, and the future development direction is prospected.

Concentrated solar power is a highly promising renewable energy technology that enables cascaded utilization of electricity and can complement other renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic power. Based on domestic and international research on concentrated solar power technology, this review summarizes the research progress in thermal energy storage molten salts for concentrated solar power applications. Molten salt is an ideal medium for energy transfer and storage in thermal energy storage systems for concentrated solar power due to its excellent thermophysical properties including high heat capacity, high thermal conductivity, and low viscosity. Molten salt energy storage offers advantages such as large storage capacity, long storage cycles, and low costs, making it widely applicable in areas such as concentrated solar power, molten salt reactors, heating, and waste heat recovery. This paper first introduces the advantages and development of concentrated solar power technology, followed by a summary of the main characteristics and advancements in thermal energy storage molten salts. It also discusses newly developed salt compositions and the thermophysical properties of molten salt nanofluids. Finally, the paper summarizes and looks forward to the development of next-generation thermal energy storage molten salts is presented. The aim is to provide insights into the technological advancements in thermal energy storage molten salts for the design, manufacturing, and operation maintenance of next-generation energy transfer and storage systems.

To investigate the mechanical performance degradation mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) in hydrothermal environments, samples were immersed in water baths filled with distilled water at temperatures of 30 ℃ and 50 ℃, respectively. Tensile and compressive tests were performed using CFRP samples aged for 0 (unaged), 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days. Effects of hygrothermal aging on surface morphology and failure modes were analyzed via SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). A two-dimensional constitutive model, which was capable of simulating the influences of hygrothermal aging on the intralaminar cracking and interlaminar delamination, was developed utilizing the user subroutine VUMAT of the ABAQUS software. Mechanical performance calculations for CFRP composites were conducted under both pre-aging and saturated water absorption conditions. Experimental results showed that the moisture absorption behavior of CFRP composites followed Fick's law at both 30 ℃ and 50 ℃. Mechanical properties of CFRP composites showed a decrease with the temperature/aging time increasing. Moreover, compared to the tensile performance, the compressive properties of CFRP composites were more sensitive to the variation of environments. After 30 days of aging in a 50 ℃ environment, the tensile strength and modulus decreased by 8.11% and 7.08%, respectively, which was worse than the 39.3% and 10.8% reductions for the compressive strength and modulus, respectively. Deterioration of the fiber-matrix interface and the epoxy matrix caused by moisture diffusion was identified as the reason for compressive performance degradation.

Flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on Ag-mesh transparent electrodes have been developed as promising power sources for portable and wearable electronic devices. However, the undesired interdiffusion of halogen and metal ions poses a challenge to the efficiency and stability of the devices. This study focuses on the preparation of flexible PSCs utilizing the combined effects of polyurethane (PU) polymer additive for grain boundary passivation and an interfacial protective layer. One advantage of the strong interaction between Pb²⁺ and the C=O species is that it improved the crystal structure of the perovskite films, resulting in films of reduced defect density. As a result, the Ag-mesh electrode’s flexible PSC demonstrated an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.21%, ranking among the greatest PSC efficiencies on non-ITO electrodes to date. Moreover, the flexible PSCs demonstrated improved moisture and operational stability due to the presence of PU additive at the grain boundary and the interlayer barrier. This hindered the interdiffusion of halogen and metal. As a result, the PSCs were able to maintain 92.1% of their starting PCE value after being exposed to 30% relative humidity for 150 h, and 95% of their initial PCE when operating at the maximum power point for 1 000 h. Finally, after 1 000 cycles of bending with a 4 mm radius, the PSCs showed good mechanical stability, while also maintaining 86% of their initial PCE. This work can shed light on a new perspective for designing high-performance flexible perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

When the graphite anode colloidal dispersion slurry is coated onto a non-porous rigid substrate and dried, the stresses generated during the drying process may cause cracks in the film. These cracks can negatively impact battery performance, accelerate degradation, and shor-ten the battery’s lifespan. Therefore, understanding the crack characteristics and their formation mechanisms is crucial to preventing cracking of the electrode. While many studies and models have been conducted on the drying cracks of colloidal dispersion films, there is relatively little research on the cracking behavior of battery electrode pieces. This article systematically reveals the cracking mechanism and influencing factors during the drying process of electrode films, deeply analyzes the models of microstructural changes and internal stress development in electrode, and summarizes the progress in research on drying-induced cracking of electrode films. Studies have shown that the stress caused by capillary pressure is the main cause of drying-induced crack, which is mainly affected by the material properties of the electrode and the boundary conditions of the film. Additionally, this paper explores the technical challenges associated with inhibiting drying-induced cracking in the electrode, providing valuable insights for addressing the cracking issues in electrode manufacturing.

In the pursuit of the dual objectives of heightened economic efficiency and enhanced safety, the trend of achieving high burnup levels, exceeding 62 GWd/MTU, has become a prominent focal point in nuclear fuel development. However, it is imperative to recognize that increasing burnup levels inevitably introduce challenges, leading to the degradation and potential failure of both fuel pellets and cladding materials, thus giving rise to safety concerns. This paper initiates with a comprehensive examination and delineation of the challenges confronted by conventional UO₂ fuel pellet and Zr alloy cladding when operating under high burnup conditions. For instance, the formation and rapid propagation of high burnup structures at the periphery of pellets, increasing proportion of fission gas release, heightened internal pressures within fuel rods, enhancement of corrosion associated with hydrogen pickup of claddings. In addition, the fragmentation, relocation, and dispersal of fuel pellets during the loss of coolant accident scenarios. This paper elucidates the critical strategies employed to address the above challenges effectively. Subsequently, the article consolidates and summarizes the recent developments and accomplishments within the nuclear industry pertaining to accident tolerant fuel. It places particular emphasis on the critical in-service performance of Cr-coated Zr alloy claddings and large-grained UO₂ fuel pellet, including fission gas release, pellet and cladding mechanical interactions, corrosion of cladding in aqueous environments, and high-temperature steam oxidation and quenching behavior. Simultaneously, the paper conducts a comparative analysis between the Cr-coated Zr alloy cladding and large-grained UO₂ fuel pellets ATF project with the traditional nuclear fuel system. Particular attention is given to operational advantages, particularly in the context of high burnup conditions. The research findings strongly suggest the recent ATF projects hold significant promise for application in high burnup projects. This review aims to deepen nuclear industry stakeholders' understanding of high burnup initiatives while offering insightful guidance for integrating domestically developed ATF materials into high burnup applications, thus contributing to the advancement of nuclear power safety and economic viability.

Cu₂O is a kind of p-type semiconductor, which has a wide application prospect in the field of photocatalysis. By adjusting the morphology and size of Cu₂O, constructing the heterojunction structure, designing the composite material to increase the specific surface area and electrical conductivity, the light utilization rate of Cu₂O was improved and the photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination rate was reduced, thus improving the photocatalytic activity and photostability of Cu₂O, and promoting its application in the field of photocatalytic degradation of pollutant. In this paper, the methods to enhance the photocatalytic performance of Cu₂O, including metal doping, semiconductor heterostructure construction and composites synthesis, were reviewed. Its application in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and the enhancement mechanism of heterojunction were summarized. In addition, the shortcomings of current research were pointed out. The development and application prospect of cuprous oxide based photocatalysis were also prospected.

Sodium-ion batteries with cost advantages are considered a useful complement to lithium-ion batteries and the development of low-cost, high-performance electrode materials is the key to the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. As for anode materials, with the advantages of easy availability of carbon source, easy preparation, and high structural adjustability, hard carbon has great potential of being commercialized. Among the many precursors of hard carbon materials, biomass is favored due to its abundant source and low cost. However, the pore structure and surface characteristics of biomass based hard carbon anode materials have a significant impact on their sodium insertion and extraction performance. In this paper, we summarize the research progress in recent years from the performance influencing factors of biomass-based hard carbon anode, and further discuss the challenges in the commercialization process of biomass-based hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries and its future research directions, hoping to provide useful guidelines for future research and commercialization.

In recent years, numerous research has demonstrated that self-doping enables precise modulation of the conductivity type (p-type or n-type) in organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite materials, leading to improved light absorption and charge carrier transport, ultimately resulting in enhanced power conversion efficiency of solar cells. Furthermore, the sequential deposition of perovskite layers with different doping types has facilitated the development of novel bilayer perovskite homojunction/heterojunction (P-P junction) solar cells. When compared to conventional pe-rovskite solar cells, P-P junction solar cells exhibit an additional built-in electric field within the photoactive layer, which efficiently promotes the transmission of carrier, effectively reducing non-radiative recombination. Additionally, the inherent bipolar charge transport characteristics of perovskite materials allow them to function as both electron and hole transport layers. Consequently, the introduction of P-P junctions obviates the need for separate transport layers, thereby optimizing device architecture and simplifying fabrication processes. These advancements provide a promising direction for the further development of perovskite solar cells. This paper focuses on organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite materials, providing detailed insights into the methods employed to regulate self-doping types. It also comprehensively reviews the applications of self-doped perovskites in solar cells, elucidates the physical mechanisms and influencing factors associated with self-doped P-P junction solar cells, and concludes with a summary and outlook on the current technological challenges and future prospects in this field.

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention as a potential mainstream technology in the future photovoltaic (PV) market. This is primarily attributed to their salient advantages including high efficiency, low cost, and ease of preparation. Notably, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has experienced a remarkable increase from 3.8% in 2009 to over 26% at present. Consequently, the adoption of roll-to-roll (R2R) technology for PSCs is considered a crucial step towards their successful commercialization. This article reviews the diverse substrates, scalable deposition techniques (such as solution-based knife-coating and spraying technology), and optimization procedures employed in recent years to enhance device performance within the R2R process. Additionally, novel perspectives are presented to enrich the existing knowledge in this field.

As a green and clean production technology, photocatalytic process is an effective way to alleviate energy and environmental problems. Semiconductor material is a good choice for photocatalysts because of their suitable band gaps, but the photocatalytic efficiency is not ideal due to its small specific surface area, low utilization rate of sunlight and easy recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the process of photocatalytic reaction. Carbon quantum dots are spherical carbon nanomaterials, which are essential for improving photocatalytic efficiency due to their unique upconversion luminescence properties and good electron transfer ability, in addition to high specific surface area, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Therefore, coupling and modification of carbon quantum dots with semiconductor materials is an important method to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductor materials. In this paper, the preparation method of carbon quantum dots is introduced, its unique optical and electronic properties are clarified, and the applications of carbon quantum dots in the fields of photocatalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, photocatalytic reduction of CO₂, photocatalytic removal of heavy metal pollution and photocatalytic sterilization are emphatically expounded. Finally, the shortcomings of carbon quantum dots in photocatalytic application at present are briefly summarized and its future development is prospected.

In order to comprehensively grasp the birth background, application status and development prospects of foamed cement panel, the application background, market demand, technical standard evolution, overall performance, comprehensive cost, application status, and development prospects are analyzed comprehensively. It is concluded that although the foamed cement panel has the advantages of heat insulation, fire protection (grade A1), environmental protection, anti-aging and high strength, its research and development barriers are low, and the bad phenomena such as inferior product prevalence and vicious competition of manufacturers are serious, resulting in the market accommodation space has been very narrow. This review provides the latest realistic scientific basis for building practitioners to comprehensively understand the ‘coming and going’ and master real-time dynamics of foamed cement panel, and provide more theoretical scientific basis for researchers to develop a new building insulation material.

Flexible sensor is an important component of flexible wearable electronic devices, which have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interaction and smart robots. Conventional single-axis pressure sensors are not sufficient for the demands of complex and advanced intelligent systems, while flexible three-dimensional force sensors with unique multi-axis and all-around mechanical detection capabilities have become a popular topic. To achieve the goal of developing the flexible three-dimensional force sensors with high performance, it is necessary to consider multiple factors such as sensing mechanism, structural design, material, and decoupling method. In recent years, many researchers have dedicated to the design and fabrication of high performance flexible three-dimensional force sensors, including innovations in structure design and novel materials, improvement of data processing and machine learning algorithms. These multiple innovations are driving further development in these areas. This article aims to outline the research progress of flexible three-dimensional force sensors. Firstly, various sensing mechanisms of flexible three-dimensional force sensors have been introduced and their characteristics have been analyzed and compared. Additionally, progress in structural design, material, decoupling method, and their interrelationship as well as the applications in the related fields, containing intelligent robot arms, motion detection, human-machine interaction, and wireless health monitoring are summarized. Finally, the current challenges of flexible three-dimensional force sensor are analyzed, and its future development is prospected.

With the acceleration of population aging in China, the incidence of skin chronic wounds has been increasing steadily. Due to their prolonged healing cycles and high recurrence rates, chronic wounds not only pose significant threats to patients’ physical and mental health but also impose a heavy burden on the healthcare system. The healing of chronic wounds is a complex process that involves the precise coordination of various cells and signaling factors, making it challenging for single therapeutic approaches, such as anti-inflammatory treatments, to effectively address this multifaceted physiological process. In recent years, bioactive hydrogels have demonstrated remarkable advantages in improving wound microenvironments and promoting cell proliferation due to their excellent biocompatibility, precise regulation of cell behaviors, and ability to modulate the release of signaling factors. This review systematically elucidates the mechanisms by which bioactive hydrogels contribute to skin wound healing, encompassing key stages, such as hemostasis, anti-inflammation, promotion of cell proliferation, collagen deposition, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Finally, the review explores the promising clinical applications of bioactive hydrogels while highlighting the major challenges and unresolved issues in their clinical translation, providing references for future research and technological advancements in chronic wound healing.

Structural metal materials are the foundation for guaranteeing the rapid development of national defense construction, aerospace, and mechanical engineering fields. Introducing the gradient microstructure into it could make the structural units with different size produce mutual coordination, breaking through the performance shortcomings of the homogeneous materials and effectively improving the comprehensive service properties of metal materials. Focused on the domestic and international investigations and progress of gradient-structured metal materials in recent years, this paper firstly introduced the preparation methods and the process principles with summarizing their advantages and limitations for gradient-structured metals. Then, the microstructure of gradient-structured metals was analyzed, and the characteristics of service performance were discussed, including the strength, plasticity, friction and wear property, fatigue damage performance and corrosion resistance. Moreover, some optimization strategies were proposed for manipulating the service performance of gradient-structured materials. Finally, the development of future research direction and the faced challenges were prospected.

Fair-faced concrete is widely used in civil engineering construction for its aesthetic qualities (including the absence of bugholes, uniform colour appearance and natural surface texture) and for reducing carbon emissions.The control of surface air voids is one of the most difficult problems in the preparation of fair-faced concrete due to the unclear mechanism of void formation and the enormous coupling factors.Recently, researchers have attempted to qualitatively analyse the relationship between some key factors (such as concrete materials and construction processes) and surface air void characteristics, in order to guide the fair-faced concrete construction practice.In this review, the authors summarized the research progress on surface air void defect formation and regulation studies.From the point of view of the conversion of air bubbles into surface air voids during concrete hardening, the formation, Ostwald ripening, migration and adhesion of air bubbles in fresh concrete are the key processes.Thus, four aspects were introduced, including the evaluation of surface air void defects, air bubble evolution, the influence of concrete rheological state under vibration on air bubble emission, and the function of formwork/release agent.The main conclusions and remaining problems of the existing literature were also highlighted.Finally, the authors prospected the research and application of the formation mechanism and regulation methods of concrete surface air void defects.

8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) thin films are the core components of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which directly affect the output performance of SOFCs. In this paper, the characteristics of the thinning process of zirconia electrolyte are introduced. The effects of sintering additives, binder systems and slurry rheology on zirconia slurry are analyzed in detail. The influences of tape casting process parameters including casting speed and drying environment on the thickness and quality of zirconia green tapes are summarized. The advanced sintering me-thods of zirconia green tapes are described, and the effects of electrolyte thickness and structure on the density and ionic conductivity of zirconia electrolyte films are discussed. Finally, the research direction of tape casting process for preparation of high-quality zirconia thin films has been prospected.

Highly efficient group Ⅱ-Ⅵ quantum dot(Ⅱ-Ⅵ QD)electroluminescence(EL)devices have been able to meet the basic commercial requirements, more attention has been paid to the long-term performance (lifetime) of the device. In the Ⅱ-Ⅵ QD EL devices, PEDOT:PSS is easy to absorb moisture and corrode ITO electrodes, which has a negative impact on device lifetime and commercial application potential. Replacing organic PEDOT:PSS with highly stable NiO could avoid the influence of materials on the stability of devices. This manuscript systematically reviews the research progress of NiO hole functional material in Ⅱ-Ⅵ QD EL devices, and focuses on the effects of different preparation methods, doping and interface characteristics of NiO films on the performance of devices. Finally, we made a prospect on the research trend of Ⅱ-Ⅵ QD EL devices based on the metal oxide hole functional layer, which may provide views for the preparation of stable and efficient EL devices at the material and device levels.

Extreme high-speed laser material deposition technology is a newly developed surface coating technology in recent years. The essence is that by changing the melting position of the powder, the powder intersects with the laser above the workpiece and melting occurs, and then uniformly coated on the surface of the workpiece, thus featuring high quality and efficiency, green and low cost, high quality and adaptability, low heat input and low laser power, low dilution rate and high performance. Firstly, it briefly introduces the key technology features and technical advantages of extreme high-speed laser material deposition, the development status of ultra-high-speed laser cladding equipment at home and abroad; secondly, the key technical parameters such as melting material, laser power, lap rate, spot diameter, melting speed, powder feeding volume and powder feeding pressure, which affect the final structure and properties of coatings prepared by ultra-high speed laser melting, are highlighted with the latest research results; finally, the quality inspection parameters of coatings prepared by ultra-high speed laser melting are introduced in detail, including the melting effect of melting layer thickness, bond strength, porosity, dilution rate, surface roughness, hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, etc.. By summarizing the characteristics, advantages and key technical parameters of extreme high-speed laser material deposition technology, with a view to providing reference and guidance for further improvement and enhancement of extreme high-speed laser material deposition technology and more progress in equipment development.

The layered nickel-iron dihydroxide electrocatalysts were prepared by corrosion engineering. The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. Linear voltammetry characteristic curve, Tafel curve, electrochemical impedance spectrum, cyclic voltammetry cha-racteristic and constant-current potential-time curve were used to analyze the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution characteristics of samples in detail. On the basis of single factor experiment, with 50 mA·cm^-2 corresponding to the oxygen evolution potential for response factor, by using the response surface method on the main factors affecting the catalyst performance is optimized, established the oxygen evolution after the foam nickel iron corrosion potential of the polynomial model. And the corrosion temperature of 80 ℃, time of 9 h, NiSO₄ concentration of 9 mmol·L^-1 are the optimization of the preparation conditions. The sample prepared under this condition has an overpotential of 200 mV at 10 mA·cm^-2 and a Tafel slope of 52.5 mV·dec^-1. After 48 h continuous testing at 50 mA·cm^-2 current density, the OER catalytic activity remaines at 95%, showing better electrocatalytic activity than the commercial RuO₂ electrode.

The carbon emissions generated by concrete preparation currently account for 28% of the total carbon release of the construction industry. The carbon sequestration technologies have become the key to achieving the “dual carbon” goals. Concrete carbon sequestration technologies refer to the utilization of carbonization reactions between CO₂ and alkaline metal ions (such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) or hydration products in concrete pore solutions generating stable carbonates to achieve the purpose of carbon immobilization. Carbonization reactions can affect concretes from the perspectives of characteristics such as pore solution, pore structure, and hydration products, thereby influencing the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. This paper summarizes the carbon sequestration technologies of concrete throughout its full life-cycle (mixing, curing, servicing, and secondary utilization), and systematically discusses the carbonization mechanism, technical characteristics, and storage potential of different carbon sequestration technologies. It has been clarified that injecting CO₂ during mixing can promote the carbonization of concrete, but consumes energy and causes additional carbon emissions. Carbonization curing can improve the early strength of concrete, but the dense carbonization products limit the further development of carbonization. The carbonization of servicing concretes does not require human intervention and has great potential for carbon sequestration, but its process is relatively sluggish. The carbonization during the secondary utilization stage can not only achieve CO₂ storage, but also improve the quality of aggregates. It is suggested that optimizing existing technologies and introducing new materials and structural forms can improve the CO₂ immobilzation efficiency of concrete throughout its full life-cycle.

In the context of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, low-carbon utilization is the main development trend of the waste plastic processing industry. Pyrolysis can convert hydrocarbons in waste plastics into high-value-added carbon-containing products, avoid greenhouse gas emissions caused by waste incineration and landfill, and realize high-value utilization, helping to build a green and low-carbon recycling industrial system. Based on advanced pyrolysis technologies, this paper reviews the progress of research on the life cycle carbon footprint of waste plastics. Firstly, this paper introduces the characteristics of waste plastic raw materials and pyrolysis products from the perspective of carbon transfer and transformation, and then summarizes the current domestic and international pyrolysis carbon sequestration ideas for the preparation of solid carbon products from waste plastics from the perspective of carbon life cycle. By introducing the methodology and steps of the life cycle carbon footprint of the waste plastic pyrolysis system, expounding on the carbon footprint assessment index and connotation. The research status of the life cycle carbon footprint of the waste plastic pyrolysis system is summarized and reviewed from the perspective of carbon sequestration by different waste plastic pyrolysis technologies, focusing on the difficulty in comparing the carbon footprint results of different studies due to inconsistent system boundaries and data sources, and emphasizing that the current life cycle carbon footprint research of the waste plastic pyrolysis system needs to build a multi-scale model, deeply explore the interrelationship between different scale data, increase data transparency, and clearly describe the calculation results of different scales, so that the research results can be compared and have extensive reference value. Finally, we put forward the development prospects of the life cycle of waste plastics, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the future development of the waste plastic pyrolysis industry.

The complex chemical composition characteristics of asphalt are closely related to its pavement performance and will change with the service time of asphalt, resulting in a high degree of uncertainty in its performance. It is significant for the research and development of high-perfor-mance asphalt pavement materials to take the asphalt chemical components as a bridge to establish a targeting relationship between microscopic composition and macroscopic properties. This paper aims to systematically introduce and outlook the relationship between asphalt component characteristics and macroscopic properties, focusing on its guiding role in the optimal design of asphalt pavement materials. First, the research process and development trend of colloid structure theory, asphaltene structure modeling and molecular structure modeling of chemical components are reviewed from the micro-perspective. Second, the basic characteristics of saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene fractions and the commonly used separation methods are summarized. Then, the targeting relationships between the macroscopic properties of asphalt, including engineering index, multi-temperature domain rheological properties, thermal stability, aging properties, regeneration properties and the chemical component characteristics of asphalt are reviewed. The migration characteristics of the chemical components in the process of asphalt property transformation are analyzed and the mechanism of the chemical fractions on the evolution of macroscopic properties is revealed. This will provide some reference for the construction of targeted asphalt design, targeted flame-retardant and targeted regeneration systems. Finally, the design method of targeted chemical compositions of asphalt is proposed with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations of asphalt. The application conception for the relationship between chemical component characteristics and macroscopic properties of asphalt is proposed based on material genomic ideas.

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and no memory effect. Germanium-based anode materials have emerged as a key focus of research in the realm of lithium-ion batte-ries, owing to their high theoretical specific capacity (approximately 4 times that of graphite), low lithium insertion potential, and excellent conductivity (roughly 10⁴ times that of silicon). In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on the synthesis and modification of germanium-based anode materials, resulting in significant breakthroughs. However, there are still many challenges in the cycling stability of germa-nium-based anode materials, mainly due to the severe volume effect and unstable interface during the charge and discharge processes. This paper presents the preparation methods, morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of diverse germanium-based anode materials through the lens of four modification strategies: dimensional nanostructuring, porous structuring, carbon material composites, and alloying. Finally, it delves into the research progress of modification techniques and approaches for germanium-based anode materials, along with outlining future research directions.

Piezoresistive strain sensors are often used to monitor structural deformation by converting captured mechanicalsignals into electrical ones. Considering the structure and practical application of the monitoring object, the piezoresistive strain sensor needs to have certain flexibility, so as to realize the strain monitoring of the bending or tensile interface, in order to prepare a strain sensor with high strain sensitivity, strong durability, non-easy damage and good performance after enduring many cycles of load, in recent years, the sensing materials used in the conductive layer are the research hotspot. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have special properties and can be enhanced by doping with metal conductive materials such as silver, copper or carbon black in carbon conductive materials, therefore, it has great potential in the preparation of high-performance flexible strain sensors. In this paper, the research status of flexible strain sensors made of carbon nanotubes and their composites in order to improve the strain sensing performance is reviewed, the related strain sensing mechanism and the applications of carbon nanotube-based strain sensors in various fields are introduced, and the challenges faced by carbon nanotube-based flexible strain sensors are discussed.

One meaningful and strategic way to alleviate the energy crisis and global warming issues is to use hydrocarbon fuels converted using solar energy from carbon dioxide (CO₂). Choosing efficient and economical photocatalytic materials is the key to obtaining high-value-added products from photocatalytic CO₂. In this article, we aim to review the research progress in the field of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction reactions from two perspectives: reaction mechanisms and catalyst types. Emphasis is placed on the discussion of photocatalyst modification methods, including constructing hereto-junctions, metal doping, and morphology regulation. However, selecting suitable and efficient photocatalytic materials for producing high-value-added products needs to be improved. We have problems such as low CO₂ conversion efficiency, poor selectivity of products obtained, and inability to scale up production, therefore, how to solve these problems is the focus of research in the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction field in the future.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are considered as a promising energy storage system due to their low cost and high safety. The zinc metal can be directly used as the anode of aqueous zinc ion batteries because of its high theoretical volume-specific capacity and low redox potential. However, the zinc metal anode has problems such as self-corrosion and zinc dendrite growth, which seriously shorten the battery cycle life and restricts its practical application. In this work, a polymer polyacrylamide (PAM) was designed as an electrolyte additive for zinc ion batteries, and it was found that the batteries showed the optimal cycling performance in the electrolyte system with 2 g/L PAM, and the zinc symmetric batteries remains steady after 2 800 h at 5 mA/cm² and 1 mAh/cm². Further electrochemical tests and SEM characterization demonstrated that the PAM additive was able to inhibit metallic zinc dendrites and mitigate zinc electrode corrosion. This work provides a new idea for designing high-performance of aqueous electrolyte additives through functional electrolyte additives.

Development direction of advanced high-strength steel is high strength and high plasticity. In this work, the 2%Mn steel as the research subject, and the best matching of high strength and high plasticity was achieved by controlling the tempering temperature, the SEM, TEM and XRD were used to analyze the influence mechanism of microstructure and mechanical properties. the results show that: The steel was organized as ferrite, pearlite, low carbon martensite and residual austenite after isothermal annealing in the pearllet region; the residual austenite volume fraction continuously decreased from 6.78% of the annealed state to 2.55% of the 425 ℃ tempering state, then the residual austenite volume fraction was basically unchanged and maintained at a stable level as the tempering temperature increases further; with the increase of tempering temperature, ferrite content continues to increase, dislocation density, tensile strength, yield strength and hardness continuous to decrease, and extension increases first then decreasing; after 425 ℃ tempering, the average batten width of ferrite was 95.1 nm, dislocation density was 2.6×10¹⁴ m^-2, average diameter of carbide was 13.9 nm, tensile strength was 1 770 MPa, yield strength was 1 450 MPa, elongation was 9.84%, and the strong plastic product reached maximum of 17.4 GPa·%.