Abstract: Bamboo is a natural fibre reinforced composites, with excellent performance, which is an alternative to shortage of wood resource to a certain extent. Heterogeneous distribution and molecular structure of lignin is one of the factors that determine the performance, and it is the key and difficult basic research in anatomy and chemistry of bamboo. The lignification of bamboo fiber and parenchyma cell incrementally strengthens du-ring the first growing season. The bamboo fibres exhibit a polylamellate structure, and the lignification advances from the cell wall near lumen to compound middle lamellae. Vessels and fibre cells begin to lignify before stem elongation growth is complete, while lignification of parenchyma is completed after stem elongation. Bamboo lignin are composed of guaiacyl (G) units and syringyl (S) units, and it also contains a considerable amount of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units having ester bonds between p-coumaric acid. This paper reviewed the current advances of cell wall structure, lignin distribution, separation method and molecular structure of bamboo, then the results will be expected to provide reference data for bamboo’s mechanical property adaptability, processing technology and high value-added utilization. The research on the lignin distribution of bamboo cell wall by means of various fluorescence microscopy, ultraviolet micro-spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, coupled with the Wiesner and Maule reaction and immunocytochemistry technology. Confocal raman microscopy combined with spectral imaging technology, and nano-infrared technology provides a powerful means for the study of the lignin topochemistry in bamboo cell wall. It also outlines the separation method of the original lignin, which can be mainly divided into milled wood lignin, cellulolytic enzyme lignin, and a combination of various chemical and physical means of enzymatic acidolysis lignin, residual lignin through two ball milling and two enzymatic hydrolysis, and the advantages of the structure and purity of lignin obtained by different methods were evaluated. In addition, the lignin separated by chemical pretreatment due to different reagents includes acid lignin, alkali lignin, solvent lignin, etc., especially the use of green solvents such as toluenesulfonic acid, ionic liquid, low cosolvent, etc., enables efficient separation of lignin. The analytical tools to the elucidation of lignin molecular structure such as wet chemical method, including nitrobenzene oxidation, permanganate oxidation, derivatization followed by reductive cleavage, thioa-cidolysis, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Pyr-GC-MS). Wet chemical method can obtain the lignin structure, but the complete information on the functional group characterization is not available. Spectroscopic analysis can qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the functional groups of lignin, and the complete structural information of lignin can be obtained. The spectroscopy mainly includes ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The latest progress in cha-racterizing the molecular structure of lignin by advanced liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques such as 13C and 2D HSQC NMR method is reviewed. In addition, prospects and future research in its field were proposed.
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2020, Vol. 34 
