Maintaining thermal comfort is crucial for sustaining normal human physiological functions. Utilizing fibers and textiles for personal thermal regulation not only enhances thermal comfort but also contributes to reducing building energy consumption. However, traditional textiles often fail to meet diverse human thermal comfort needs, necessitating the development of novel wearable thermal management materials. Thanks to advancements in material chemistry, physics, and nanotechnology, numerous fibers and textiles with outstanding thermal management properties have been developed. This article reviews innovative strategies for temperature regulation and the latest advancements in wearable thermal management materials, focusing on various advanced passive and active thermal management materials. It aims to enhance understanding of the mechanisms behind these materials and provide a comprehensive reference for researchers in the field. It begins with an introduction to the phy-siological basis of human thermal regulation, followed by a detailed exploration of passive and active thermal management fibers and textiles, discussing their operational principles, advantages and disadvantages in various application scenarios. Finally, from a commercial perspective, the article discusses the future prospects and challenges of wearable thermal management fibers and textiles.

Cellulose-based photonic crystals are photonic crystals with cellulose and its derivatives as the main constituent materials, and their structures are usually composed of periodically arranged cellulose materials with different refractive indices or complexes of cellulose and other mate-rials, which enable effective control of the propagation characteristics of photons. The advantages of cellulose-based photonic crystals lie in the sustainability, biocompatibility and biodegradability of cellulose materials, which make them have a wide range of potential applications in the fields of biosensing, optical devices and chiral photonics. In recent years, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have attracted much attention in the preparation and application of photonic crystals due to their fine nanostructures, excellent mechanical properties, low expansion coefficients, as well as excellent plasticity and adhesion. However, there is still insufficient discussion on the research progress of other types of cellulose-based photonic crystals. Starting from the types of cellulose-based photonic crystals, this paper first outlines their optical modulation mechanisms and preparation methods, and further clarifies the applications of different types of cellulose-based photonic crystals in sensor devices, optical anti-counterfeiting and other smart materials. It ends with a prospective discussion on the existing problems and future trends.

Electrochromic devices have the advantages of lightweight, fast response speed, good reusability, and easy preparation of flexible devices. They are widely used in fields such as smart sensors, smart windows, flexible wearable devices, and energy storage devices. Compared to liquid devices that are prone to leakage and have low safety, all solid state electrochromic devices are easy to package and have high safety, making them more versatile for comprehensive applications. This article first introduces the structure of electrochromic devices, provides a detailed overview of the performance and applications of inorganic and organic solid-state electrochromic devices, and compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages between the two devices. Finally, the development and application prospects of all solid state electrochromic devices are discussed from the perspectives of performance bottlenecks, process difficulties, and industrialization.

Polarization detection technology is a vital optical sensing method characterized by its strong anti-interference capabilities and its effectiveness in enhancing detection range. It plays a significant role in various fields, including optical remote sensing, environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and underwater imaging. However, traditional polarization detection systems encounter challenges, such as bulky size and complex optical paths, which create substantial obstacles for miniaturization and integration. Metasurfaces, comprised of two-dimensional periodic arrays of artificially subwavelength elements, enable precise manipulation of optical fields according to the polarization states of incident light. This capability effectively reduces the size of polarization detection systems while enhancing device integration, offering innovative solutions for miniaturized polarization detection. This review analyzes the optical field manipulation mechanisms related to polarization detection and summarizes photon and photothermal polarization detectors based on metasurfaces. Additionally, it discusses existing challenges and future trends, aiming to provide valuable insights for further research in this field.

The traditional thermal control coating with fixed emissivity is difficult to meet the rapid development of China's aerospace industry, and the VO₂ intelligent thermal control coating, with the advantages of passive adaptation and strong designability, has become a hot spot of research at home and abroad. In this paper, based on the phase transition characteristics of VO₂ metal-insulator, the optical design methods and research progress of VO₂ intelligent thermal control coatings with four structures of F-P resonant cavity, metasurface, photonic crystal and nanocomposite film are reviewed by analyzing the emissivity regulation mechanism of VO₂ intelligent thermal control coatings in infrared band. It extracts the key factors affecting the engineering application of VO₂ smart thermal control coatings due to the decrease in spatial stability, and looks forward to the future development trends of VO₂ smart thermal control coatings.

All objects whose temperatures exceed absolute zero emit infrared thermal radiation which relates closely to the objects' emissivities. Due to the constant emissivity, most objects can only present a single thermal function. However, in practical applications, dynamic thermal radiation regulation is of great importance to meet the requirements for different environment and functions. Flexible and electroresponsively emissivity-dynamically-modulatable materials exhibit not only environment-condition-independent high tunability, but also favorable properties such as lightweight, flexibility, and portability, thereby are superior in both usage and storage. This review summarizes the research progress of some typical kinds of flexible and electroresponsively emissivity-dynamically-modulatable materials including conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, and reversibly electrodeposited metals, and outlines the applicative potential of flexible and electroresponsively thermal-radiation-dynamically-regulating devices. The paper ends with a discussion about the challenges and the future trends.

In order to effectively improve the demand for rapid integration of equipment with different backgrounds in the field, the adaptive thermochromic camouflage coating was prepared by a screen printing method which is conducive to large-scale production and low cost. By using fluorocarbon resin and acrylic resin to cover color-changing materials, the coating preparation system and preparation process were studied, and the reversible color-changing camouflage coating with application prospect was prepared by testing the properties of color-changing coatings. In this study, the rapid reversible adaptive change of camouflage coating was realized by the joint action of heating auxiliary layer and color-changing coating. The physicochemical properties of the coating were tested by means of colorimeter, universal tensile testing machine, water fastness tester and salt spray tester. The test results show that the thermochromic camouflage coating prepared by polyurethane resin system has a pro-mising application prospect. When the camouflage coating thickness is 0.6 mm, the coating discoloration time is 6—9 seconds. The application of color-changing camouflage coatings in forested and desert environments yields detection rates of 0.51 and 0.56, respectively.

The development of novel energy-efficient cooling technologies is of significant importance for the realization of effective building thermal management and energy-saving. Radiation is the most ubiquitous mode of heat transfer in nature, where solar and environmental thermal radiation plays a vital role serving as two critical energy vectors. The photothermal regulation could modulate the solar and thermal radiation properties, thus managing the internal temperature of objects. Materials exhibit varied spectral responses to solar and thermal radiations according to the specific demands of different scenarios, which could be categorized into active and passive photothermal control materials. Active photothermal regulation materials are favored for their high tunability and low energy consumption, while passive photothermal regulation materials are recognized for their zero-energy consumption and robust temperature regulation capabilities, both garnering extensive attention from researchers. This article, exemplifying active control and passive control with electrochromic materials and radiative cooling, respectively, focuses on outlining the regulatory principles of these emerging photothermal control technologies. It reviews the development of electrochromic and radiative cooling materials based on spectral design strategies and principles, and further summarizes the existing challenges and future development directions, providing a comprehensive perspective for researchers in the field of building energy saving.

Lithium-ion batteries have the advantages of high energy density, good rate performance, long cycle life and low self-discharge rate, and are currently the most important type of mobile energy storage. The anode of commercial batteries is mainly made of graphite, and its theoretical capacity is low, which is the main bottleneck limiting the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Silicon, on the other hand, is characterized by high theoretical capacity, suitable operating voltage, high natural abundance, etc. Therefore, it is a typical electrode material for the new generation of lit-hium-ion batteries. However, due to the large volume changes of silicon anodes during charging and discharging, low initial Coulombic efficiency, relatively poor electrical conductivity, and unstable solid electrolyte interface, silicon-based anodes have significant stability problems that hinder practical applications. To solve these problems, modifying silicon anodes with carbon is a more commercial approach. In this paper, the silicon/carbon anode materials in recent years are divided into 0D-nanoparticles, 1D-nanowires and nanotubes, 2D-nanosheets and 3D-micron spheres according to the structure and size of silicon materials, and the structures and electrochemical properties of carbon-based silicon/carbon compo-sites are discussed. In addition, the progress and limitations of the existing silicon/carbon composite anodes are summarized and the prospects for industrialization in this field are highlighted.

With the development of industry and the consumption of fossil fuels, climate change, energy shortage, environmental pollution and other problems have become increasingly serious. It has become a global development trend to achieve sustainable development by developing green, environmentally friendly and renewable new materials. Photothermal conversion technology, can convert solar energy into heat energy and be used in many fields, has become one of the important methods to solve these crises. Wood is one of the most abundant renewable resources on the earth, and has been widely concerned by researchers because of its abundant reserves, renewable, degradable, simple and easy to obtain. The effective combination of wood and photothermal conversion can improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy and forest resources under the carbon neutralization strategy. This review introduces the mechanism of wood-based photothermal conversion materials, describes the current progress of photothermal conversion technology and wood construction of photothermal conversion materials, and gives a summary on the application of wood-based photothermal conversion materials in water treatment, electricity generation, hydrogen generation, phase change energy storage based on state-of-the-art researches, in order to provide reference and inspiration for related research and promote sustainable deve-lopment.

The gradual development of new energy power lithium batteries towards high energy density has driven the trends development of high performance, such as ultra-thin, low profile and high mechanical properties of anode copper foil collectors. As one of the key auxiliary materials for lithium batteries, the quality and properties of electrolytic copper foil for lithium batteries play a key role in battery performance. Therefore, the precise regulation of performance and directional modification of structure of the copper foil are of great significance to improving the performance of lithium batteries. This paper introduces the principle and process of copper electrodeposition and the current copper foil market from the perspective of lithium battery copper foil electrodeposition technology, summaries the mechanism of the influence of physical, chemical and surface properties of lithium copper foil on the electrochemical performance of lithium batteries, and provides a reference for the subsequent precise regulation of copper foil performance. It also further illustrates two comprehensive methods to improve the performance of lithium copper foil and lithium battery performance, namely raw foil process parameter optimization and modification treatment, and analyses the current status and development of copper foil structural modification. Finally, this paper illustrates the problems of electrolytic copper foil as lithium battery anode collectors, and looks forward to its future development trends, which guides the development and application of high-performance copper foil for lithium batteries.

Silicon anode material has become an ideal material to replace graphite anode due to its high theoretical capacity (4 200 mAh/g), low opera-ting voltage (0.2—0.3 V vs Li/Li⁺) and abundant raw materials on the earth for energy storage. However, the volume expansion of silicon anode materials would lead to electrode degradation during the cycle. Therefore, in this paper, chitosan/graphite@silicon (C/G@Si) composite was prepared by using chitosan and graphite to achieve carbon coating and compositing on nano silicon through physical methods. For C/G@Si, the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the composites were studied. The results showed that with the increase of graphite addition, the reversible specific capacity decreased slightly, while the cycle performance and conductivity improved significantly. When 50wt% graphite was added, the specific capacity of the first discharge was 1 136.1 mAh/g under the current density of 100 mA/g, and the residual capacity remained at 658.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles of charging/discharging, which exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and has certain reference value for further promotion of silicon-carbon anode materials.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have emerged as one of the promising candidates for its adjustable bandgap, stable performance, and low-cost solution synthetic process in photovoltaic cells. In this review, we focus on the multifunctional applications of PQDs in the solar cells, including absorption materials, passivation materials, and interface buffer materials. The latest development and the current bottlenecks such as stability, lead toxicity, and film-forming process of PQDs have been discussed. In addition, various optimization methods are also presented about the performance improvement of PQDs. In the end, a summary and perspectives are presented to promote the future commercialization application of PQDs with higher performance and stability.

As a mature surface treatment technology, plasma spraying for substrate play an increasingly important role in surface-enhanced process due to its wide application range, high production efficiency and good quality. Meanwhile, more and more results demonstrated that ceramic coatings play a critical role in overall performance improvement and service lifetime extension of materials. This paper reviews the development of ceramic coatings prepared by conventional plasma spraying technique, including atmospheric plasma spraying, supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying, suspension plasma spraying, vacuum plasma spraying and low pressure plasma spraying. Then, the advantages and shortcomings of each preparation method have also been summarized. Finally, based on above contents, the future development of plasma sprayed ceramic coatings are prospected.

As an important member of coal-based solid waste, the appropriate utilization of coal gangue has always been a hotspot issue. During the past decades, the utilization efficiency of coal gangue in China has been greatly improved as the relevant theory and technology developed rapidly, which leads to a successful transformation of coal gangue from so-called ‘waste to treasure’ in many fields, such as energy, chemical, and civil engineering. In particular, civil engineering has become a vital way that can not be ignored for the tremendous consumption of coal gangue, because of its large demand for raw materials and the advanced ‘co-disposal of multiple solid wastes’ technology. This paper reviews the latest research progress of coal gangue as cementitious material/SCM/aggregate in cement, mortar, concrete, geopolymer, road enginee-ring, underground engineering, etc. The technical points, barriers, quality-control measurements, and modification methods are summarized and compared when coal gangue is used in different roles in construction materials. However, some valuable resources in coal gangue are usually ignored when the coal gangue is applied as building materials. Besides, the long-term durability of gangue structures and monitoring of potential environmental risks also need to be carried out. In conclusion, considering the physical and chemical properties of coal gangue, utilization technology level, experience, policy support, and other regionalized factors, raw coal gangue used for preparing various types of building materials still lack a clear and standardized classification management and graded disposal method that is tailored to local conditions in their production. The development, improvement, and organic combination of ‘multi-field technology-standards-policies’ is the key to the establishment of an efficient and orderly gangue building materials market and industry chain in the future.

Honeycomb sandwich structure is a laminated composite material with excellent mechanical properties, which has been widely used in aerospace, construction and automobile industries. Due to the complexity of its structure and service conditions, honeycomb sandwich structures are prone to various defects such as skin-core interface debonding, skin delamination, inclusions, core lattice deformation, collapse, nodefracture, water accumulation, etc., during the manufacturing and service stages. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out research on nondestructive testing (NDT) methods for honeycomb sandwich structures. In this paper, the NDT methods for honeycomb sandwich structures reported in domestic and international literature are reviewed, and the principles, application advantages and limitations of these methods are analyzed. Afterwards, the hybrid testing methods that combine multiple single methods for detecting all defects in the honeycomb sandwich structures are briefly outlined, and it is pointed out that the application of intelligent algorithms enables the quantification and classification of potential defects in honeycomb sandwich structures. Finally, a brief conclusion regarding the research status and application trend of the NDT methods for honeycomb sandwich structures is given.

Aerogel composites are one of the most prominent new thermal insulation materials due to their structural functional properties such as low density, large specific surface area, high porosity and low thermal conductivity. This paper briefly describes the development history of aerogel composites, new methods for the preparation process of aerogel composites, analyzes the thermal insulation performance and mechanism of aerogel composites in terms of their microscopic morphological structure, heat transfer composition, thermal insulation and heat transfer characterization, and highlights the new progress made in recent years in the application of the thermal insulation performance of aerogel composites in many fields such as military aerospace, building energy conservation and environmental protection, energy storage and transformation, extreme environmental materials, electric vehicle batteries, refrigerated or frozen transportation and heating boiler pipelines. At the same time, the problems encountered in their application in various fields are discussed in detail and suggestions are given. In addition, the paper ends with an outlook on future research directions in the development, production and application of aerogel composites.

Electronic nose (E-nose) technology has been widely used as an effective method of olfactory simulation and odor recognition. The E-nose system is composed of an array of gas sensors that utilize their cross-reactivity for qualitative and quantitative gas analysis. Machine learning algorithms are commonly used in the E-nose system, with artificial neural networks being particularly prevalent. In addition to traditional machine learning algorithms, deep learning algorithms are also gradually being applied in E-nose systems. The E-nose system features high selectivity, precision, rapid response, stability, and scalability, and has been applied in various fields, such as toxic gas detection, air quality management, and food freshness and quality prediction. This paper reviews the latest research progress in the gas identification of E-nose systems, including the composition of gas sensor arrays based on MEMS technology, signal acquisition and processing units, and the classification of pattern recognition algorithms. Finally, the current problems and development prospects of E-nose system gas identification are summarized and discussed.

Recycled fine powders area kind of particles with particle size less than 75 μm produced in the process of preparing recycled aggregate from construction waste with concrete, brick and tile as the main components. Their main chemical composition is similar to that of fly ash and has certain potential activity. The use of recycled fine powders as admixture can reduce the demand for raw materials, reduce the pollution to the environment, and realize the recycling of resources.
Recycled fine powders have the characteristics of complex composition, large water demand and low activity index, which are not conducive to the performance of mortar or concrete when used directly as admixture. However, the content of SiO₂, CaO and Al₂O₃ in recycled fine powders are high, which have a good activity potential. After appropriate technical treatment, it can effectively stimulate their activities and improve the utilization efficiency. The main activation modes of recycled fine powders currently include physical, chemical, and thermal activation. Thermal activation can burn up the organic impurities in the recycled fine powders, and change the composition of some substances, so as to stimulate their activity. Physical activation increases the specific surface area of recycled fine powders by mechanical force, thereby improving the activity of the recycled fine powders. Chemical activation mainly provides an alkaline environment or ions that can participate in the reaction by adding alkaline activators, thus promoting the hydration degree to improve the activity of recycled fine powders. Relevant scholars have conducted in-depth research on the active excitation method of recycled fine powders and its application in mortar and concrete, which has played a positive role in the application of recycled fine powders.
Based on the existing literature, this paper comprehensively reviews the physical properties, chemical composition, activation mode, activation mechanism and application status of recycled fine powders, analyses the problems in the current research of recycled fine powders and looks forward to their application prospect, in order to provide a research basis for the high-quality utilization of recycled fine powders.

The hard carbon anode has significant research value and promising application prospects due to its excellent specific capacity, high-rate fast charging capability, absence of lithium branches crystal, and lack of volume expansion behavior. It plays a crucial role in the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In recent years, numerous scholars have conducted extensive research on hard carbon anodes, particularly focusing on the lithium storage mechanism and the optimizing strategies of lithium storage performance. This article provides an overview of the formation process and lithium storage mechanism of hard carbon. It offers a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for designing high-performance hard carbon anodes. This paper subsequently summarizes the latest advancements in preparation techniques, structural regulation, morphology design, and heteroatom doping for modifying hard carbon anodes. These advancements are based on two categories of precursors:biomass and polymers. Furthermore, conjugated microporous polymers hard carbon is proposed as a future direction for optimizing lithium storage performance. Finally, the challenges and future research directions for hard carbon as anodes are discussed.

Due to their simple manufacturing processes, low-temperature film-forming technology, negligible hysteresis, and suitability for preparation of multi-stack devices with conventional solar cells, inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively researched. In the past se-veral years, the power conversion efficiency of inverted PSCs has increased from 3.9% to 25.37%. As a major component of PSCs, the electron transport layer (ETL) plays a critical role in extracting and transporting carriers, blocking holes, modifying energy levels, and preventing charge recombination. Because of their ease of synthesis and purification, high electron mobility, good solubility, and excellent chemical/thermal stability, organic materials such as fullerene and its derivatives, perylene diimide, and naphthalimide have been most commonly used in the ETLs of inverted PSCs. This review mainly introduces the research status of organic ETLs, modification methods for improving device performance by ETL doping, and interface modification in inverted PSCs, thus providing basic theoretical guidelines for developing new organic ETLs.

Different from the design concept of traditional alloys, high-entropy alloys are composed of at least five elements at equal atomic ratios or nearly equal atomic ratios, and exhibit many properties that traditional alloys do not have. Among them, CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy, as the first developed high-entropy alloy, has attracted wide attention from researchers. The development of preparation technology plays an important role in developing high-entropy alloys with excellent properties and promoting their practical applications. In this paper, the working principle and characteristics of the main preparation techniques of high entropy alloys are introduced, including mechanical alloying, powder atomization, mel-ting and casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, magnetron sputtering and laser cladding. The microstructure and properties of CoCrFeMnNi alloys prepared by different methods are compared and analyzed. Finally, on this basis, the future development of high-entropy alloy preparation technology is prospected.

Owing to uneven distribution of freshwater resources in time and space, water scarcity significantly constrains the development of several countries and regions globally. In coastal areas, desalination is an essential approach to compensating freshwater scarcity. Inspired by the natural water cycle, solar-driven water evaporation is considered a sustainable and low-cost desalination technology because of its ability to directly separate freshwater from seawater under solar irradiation. Despite the lower energy utilization and evaporation efficiency of conventional evaporation, researchers employ photothermal materials for centralized heating of the air-water interface to improve solar energy utilization based on the interfacial evaporation theory. In this review, the critical factors for efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation are introduced based on state-of-the-art studies. We systematically summarize general photothermal materials identified in previous references, as well as the advanced structural design of photothermal evaporators for outstanding system energy management and mass-transfer regulation. The mass-energy-transfer process of evaporation systems is further analyzed to illustrate its impact on performance. In addition, the issues encountered during long-term solar desalination, e.g., salt precipitation, and corresponding solution strategies are compared and discussed.Finally, we explore the challenges facing solar-driven interfacial evaporation and the prospects for its development in desalination applications.

Microcellular foam molding devices are crucial for fundamental research and preparation of microcellular foam materials. The design and innovation of these devices are directly related to fundamental research on microcellular foaming, as well as improved foam product quality and enhanced production efficiency. There are four main types of molding devices for microcellular foam materials based on the molding methods:batch foam molding, continuous extrusion foam molding, injection foam molding and compression foam molding devices. In this review, we explain the design principles and structural characteristics, present the advantages and disadvantages of different foam molding devices, and summarize the designs of various visualization devices. Free-foaming visualization devices have a simpler structure, lower cost, and are easier to operate compared to visualization devices based on extrusion and injection foam molding methods. Thus, they are currently the most studied and applied devices. However, there is a significant difference between the foaming environment and the conditions during actual production, making it challenging for practical applications. Finally, this paper reviews the current issues to be addressed in designing microcellular foaming material molding devices and proposes design ideas and research prospects of the microcellular foaming material molding devices.

The research progress and application of high speed steel are introduced, and the research characteristics of high speed steel are summarized systematically, including brief history, alloy composition, preparation process, heat treatment process, mechanical properties, computational science, practical application and prospect. A high speed steel material with excellent properties must be combined with its composition, microstructure, process and properties, which will directly determine the service life of the material. This will provide substantial value for the research of high speed steel. In addition, the application scope of computer science is expanding, which is an indispensable research mean, facilitating the research of metal wear resistant materials tending to be diversified. Finally, five directions of future research are put forward, which are mainly based on the problems and challenges of the research technology in the high speed steel materials, strengthening the development of high speed steel industry technology innovation as a result.

Conducting polymer hydrogels (CPH) here refer to hydrogels contain polyaniline, polypyrrole or polythiophene as conducting components in their matrix. The water rich environment of hydrogels is beneficial for maintaining the protonic acid doped state of conducting polymers, whereas the conducting polymers with organic backbone are more appropriate to be incorporated into hydrogel matrix in compassion with other conducting fillers. Conducting polymer hydrogels thus exhibit highly tunable properties especially interesting strain sensing behaviour, and become a highly concerned material for flexible electronics at present. This review focused on the construction strategies to CPH and summarized the methods to combine the hydrophilic polymer networks with rigid conducting polymers. The key issues to improve the mechanical, conducting, and anti-freezing properties of CPH were analyzed, and the strain sensing behavior of recently reported CPH were also evaluated.

New quality productivity provides scientific guidance for promoting high-quality development on China's new journey, and is an advanced productivity state in line with the new development concept. In order to grasp the evolution process and research progress of new productivity clearly, comprehensively and deeply, this paper makes a quantitative analysis of 14351 literatures in the fields of new productivity, advanced productivity and green productivity in China Knowledge Network and Web of Science database from 2014 to 2024. Based on the theory of scientometrics, CiteSpace and VOSviewer software are used as research tools to study knowledge maps such as co-word network, keyword sequence diagram and literature co-citation network in the field of new quality productivity. Visual analysis, content analysis and statistical analysis were carried out from the research hotspots, research status, number of publications, research institutions and other aspects of new productivity. The research results aim to provide directional guidance for the evolution process, development trend and future application of new productivity.

Physical tempered glass is widely applied in curtain walls, high-end furniture, automobile windshields, and liquid level meters owing to its advantages of high strength, outstanding thermal stability, high safety, and low cost. At present, the research on the physical tempered glass mainly focuses on (i) exploring the mechanism of physical tempering and revealing the structural origin of physical strengthening to establish a theoretical basis for achieving improved mechanical properties and greater service safety of glass;(ii) optimizing the tempering process parameters to improve the glass strength and safety through simulations and to realize the independent design of physical tempering strength and broken particle size of glass;(iii) understanding the spontaneous cracking mechanism and establishing the strength attenuation law and evaluation met-hods, aimed at overcoming the spontaneous cracking and strength attenuation phenomena that restrict the safe application of physical tempered glass. Based on the above three aspects, the research progress of tempered glass at home and abroad are summarized.

Due to its excellent performance, epoxy resin (EP) is widely used in coatings, adhesives, and composite materials. However, its high crosslinking density and poor ability to resist crack initiation and propagation have made EP toughening modification a hotspot for the global research community. Core-shell particles (CSP) added as a second phase to EP can achieve significant toughening effects without significantly compromising the thermodynamic properties. Compared with traditional toughening agents, CSP has a promising development prospect. Based on an explanation of the different toughening mechanisms of EP, this article introduces the toughening mechanism, main types, and preparation methods of CSP toughening agents. The research results on the effects of CSP material, particle size, and core-shell ratio on the mechanical properties of EP are evaluated, and the impact of using CSP toughening methods on the rheological behavior and curing kinetics of EP as a composite material matrix is analyzed.

Chemical oxidation-reduction is a relatively mature method for preparing reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in industry. In this study, graphite was first oxidized using the modified Hummers method, and then the graphene oxide (GO) with lamellar structure could be obtained by spray drying. After that, four types of RGO samples were prepared, respectively, by using vitamin C (VC) chemical reduction, rapid-heating reduction, slow-heating reduction, and combined VC reduction with rapid-heating reduction methods, and the comprehensive physicochemical cha-racterization was carried out. The results show that the reduction method has a significant effect on the morphology, structure, and conductivity of the obtained RGO. By using VC chemical reduction, spherical RGO with large specific surface area and micro-meso hierarchical pore structure could be produced, and it exhibits low reduction degree and conductivity. The layered RGO samples with high reduction degree and good conductivity can be fabricated by thermal reduction, especially the rapid heating would be conducive to the expansion and peeling of RGO and thus effectively improve its specific surface area. When VC reduction and rapid-heating reduction are used in combination, the generated porous spherical RGO possesses high specific surface area and reduction degree, nevertheless, duing to the large contact resistance between RGO particles, its conductivity is inferior to corresponding RGO sheets produced by thermal reduction.

Refractory high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings have been a hot research topic in the field of HEAs in recent years and are expected to become an important high-temperature structural and functional material in the future. In this work, the NbMoTaWV refractory HEA coating was prepared by laser cladding, and its oxidation behavior at 800 ℃ was studied. The microstructure evolution, micro-hardness changes and interface diffusion behavior of NbMoTaWV refractory HEA coating at different oxidation time (10, 20, 30, 50, 100 h) were analyzed. The experimental results show that the NbMoTaWV refractory HEA coating is mainly composed of Fe₇Ta₃-type HCP solid solution phase, (Fe, Ni) matrix phase and un-melted HEA powder phase. After oxidation treatment at different time, the coating surface is formed with Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ as the main oxide phases. With high-temperature oxidation treatment at 800 ℃, the internal microstructure of NbMoTaWV refractory HEA coating has a little change, and only part of the oxygen elements diffuse into the coating. However, high-temperature oxidation results in the increased micro-hardness, and with the increase of oxidation time, the micro-hardness of NbMoTaWV refractory HEA coating increases first and then decreases. The micro-hardness reaches the maximum when the oxidation time is 20 h, which is related to the solid solution strengthening caused by high-tempe-rature diffusion. Moreover, TG-DSC confirms that NbMoTaWV refractory HEA coating has excellent high temperature stability at 800 ℃.

In the pursuit of the dual objectives of heightened economic efficiency and enhanced safety, the trend of achieving high burnup levels, exceeding 62 GWd/MTU, has become a prominent focal point in nuclear fuel development. However, it is imperative to recognize that increasing burnup levels inevitably introduce challenges, leading to the degradation and potential failure of both fuel pellets and cladding materials, thus giving rise to safety concerns. This paper initiates with a comprehensive examination and delineation of the challenges confronted by conventional UO₂ fuel pellet and Zr alloy cladding when operating under high burnup conditions. For instance, the formation and rapid propagation of high burnup structures at the periphery of pellets, increasing proportion of fission gas release, heightened internal pressures within fuel rods, enhancement of corrosion associated with hydrogen pickup of claddings. In addition, the fragmentation, relocation, and dispersal of fuel pellets during the loss of coolant accident scenarios. This paper elucidates the critical strategies employed to address the above challenges effectively. Subsequently, the article consolidates and summarizes the recent developments and accomplishments within the nuclear industry pertaining to accident tolerant fuel. It places particular emphasis on the critical in-service performance of Cr-coated Zr alloy claddings and large-grained UO₂ fuel pellet, including fission gas release, pellet and cladding mechanical interactions, corrosion of cladding in aqueous environments, and high-temperature steam oxidation and quenching behavior. Simultaneously, the paper conducts a comparative analysis between the Cr-coated Zr alloy cladding and large-grained UO₂ fuel pellets ATF project with the traditional nuclear fuel system. Particular attention is given to operational advantages, particularly in the context of high burnup conditions. The research findings strongly suggest the recent ATF projects hold significant promise for application in high burnup projects. This review aims to deepen nuclear industry stakeholders' understanding of high burnup initiatives while offering insightful guidance for integrating domestically developed ATF materials into high burnup applications, thus contributing to the advancement of nuclear power safety and economic viability.

Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia (NRA) could realize the green synthesis of ammonia and remove nitrate pollutant through electrochemical pathways by using nitrate and water as sources of nitrogen and hydrogen, respectively, which is of significance for alleviating energy crisis and environmental problems. However, nitrate to ammonia is a complex eight-electron transfer process accompanied by intense hydrogen evolution side reactions, which seriously limits the selectivity and Faraday efficiency of ammonia synthesis. Therefore, nickel foam-supported copper oxide nanoflower catalyst was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment process, and its electrocatalytic performance for nitrate reduction to ammonia was explored. By adjusting the synthesis conditions such as the ratio of copper nitrate to urea and pyrolysis temperatures, the uniform CuO nanoflowers loaded on nickel foam (NF) was achieved. The results show that when n(Cu(NO₃)₂)∶n(CO(NH₂)₂) is 1∶6, the obtained target catalyst (CuO-6@NF) shows the best performance in terms of Faraday efficiency, NH₃ yield, selectivity and nitrate conversion. At -0.23 V vs. RHE, the yield of CuO-6@NF ammonia reached 1.15 mmol·h^-1·cm^-2, the selectivity was 89.36%, and the removal rate of total nitrogen was as high as 96.71%. In addition, the catalyst exhibits good reproducibility, high stability, and applicability over a wide range of concentrations.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The three largest groups are aflatoxins, fumonisins, and ochratoxins. Food pro-ducts are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination during storage, processing, and transportation. In most cases, multiple mycotoxins occur simultaneously and create a superimposed effect that can be highly toxic, causing food safety problems and posing a serious health risk to humans. Simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins in food would be extremely helpful. This paper reviews the progress of research into the development of fluorescent biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins both domestically and abroad, with particular focus on multiplexed and simultaneous detection of mycotoxins, especially the types and composition of fluorescent biosensors. It also addresses detection methods and strategies involving aptamer and immunoassay techniques. The limitations and challenges of existing mycotoxin detection are discussed, and directions for future research are outlined with a view to providing theoretical support for mycotoxin detection research.

As thenovel transparent conductive films, silver nanowires film has the advantages of good conductivity, good flexibility, low cost and high light transmittance. In this paper, the principles, tools and research status of various techniques applied in the simulation of silver nanowires thin films were introduced in terms of electrical properties, mechanical properties and optical properties. The simulation research on the electrical properties of silver nanowires thin films has been improved, and it is able to establish a more accurate simulation model from micro to macro. The commonly used models include the junction-dominated assumption (JDA) model, multi-nodal representation (MNR) model, which can simulate and predict the resistance of silver nanowire thin films clearly. The mechanical simulation of silver nanowires thin films failed to establish a macro-level model, and the mechanical properties of single silver nanowires or multiple silver nanowires could only be simulated by molecular dynamics method. FDTD methods have been used to simulate the optical properties of a small number of silver nanowires, and attempts have been made to establish optical models of large and complex silver nanowire thin films. However, a multi-physical field coupled simulation model that can reflect the comprehensive optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the silver nanowire film has not yet been established, and future researchers need to continue to work on it.

With the increasing demand for aero-engine, higher requirements are put forward for the performance of engine alloys. The residual tensile stress introduced by manufacturing and machining seriously affects the mechanical properties of the alloy and shortens the service life of the aero-engine. Hence, the measurement of residual stress plays a key role in the reliability and safety of aero-engine. In this paper, the nanoindentation measurement of contact depth, contact stiffness, contact area, hardness and elastic modulus are systematically summarized. The analysis process of residual stress calculation model, such as Suresh, David, Lee, Xu, Wang, Kim and Peng models are introduced. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of the calculation models are compared. The latest research progress of nanoindentation theory in residual stress measurement in critical materials of aero-engine, such as stainless steel, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and nickel-base superalloy are reviewed in detail. The shortcomings of residual stress calculation model are also summarized, and the development of nanoindentation method for measuring residual stress is prospected.

The interface between fiber and matrix has a great influence on the mechanical properties and durability of composites. Compared with conventional interfacial test methods to obtain the interfacial shear strength (IFSS), the interfacial strength in transverse tension measured by transverse fiber bundle stretching test can visually reflect the interfacial properties between fiber bundles and resin, independent of the microstructure of the fiber, and is an important parameter required for the performance prediction of RTM-molded 3D woven composites. In thiswork, a finite element model of transverse fiber bundle tensile specimen is established to analyze the transverse stress distribution and damage mode at the interface, considering the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between fiber and resin and the effect of resin curing shrinkage. Then the transverse tensile specimens of carbon fiber bundle reinforced epoxy resin were prepared by RTM process, and the results verified the accuracy of the model. The results were compared with different transverse tensile specimen forms in terms of stress state at the interface. The results show that the cross-shaped specimens can effectively improve the stress concentration at the edges, and the stresses are uniform in the central region of the interface. In that case, the transverse tensile strengths obtained are more accurate. The article also discusses the influence of cha-racteristic dimensions such as the width and length of the projecting end of the cross-shaped specimen and the type of reinforcing fibers on the test results. When selecting fiber bundle transverse tensile specimens, to obtain a more accurate interfacial transverse tensile strength, the width of the protruding end of the specimen should be as large as possible, but needs to be less than half of the total length of the protruding end to achieve the desired damage pattern.

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a key method to achieve low carbon utilization and carbon neutrality of fossil energy. With the continuous development of CCUS technology, the internal corrosion problem of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) transportation pipeline has gradually become one of the key pain points affecting the safe operation of CO₂ transportation pipeline. The corrosion behavior and mechanism of pipeline steel in supercritical CO₂ medium are quite different from that of traditional CO₂ corrosion happened in oil & gas environment, which is a bran-new corrosion problem research system. This paper reviews the influence of impurities, temperature, pressure and flow rate on the CO₂ internal corrosion behavior of typical pipeline steels under supercritical conditions and the main incentive of supercritical CO₂ pipeline corrosion caused by aqueous medium is taken as a clue. The water content is detailly discussed and compared especially. Generally, the future focus on the supercritical CO₂ corrosion issues is prospected. The challenges that still exist in the current supercritical CO₂ pipeline transportation process are analyzed as well. The conclusions are helpful to guide the design optimization of future carbon pipeline engineering and develop corresponding corrosion control methods.

In order to clarify the complex coupling mechanisms between the components of self-compacting concrete materials and working, mechanical and durability performances, machine learning methods have been increasingly applied to the design and optimization of self-compacting concrete mixes and performance analysis in recent years. Machine learning methods have the ability to learn intrinsic patterns or mapping relationships between data in complex data sets, and are considered a promising technical tool in the field of self-compacting concrete design for mode-ling mapping relationships between concrete raw material mixes and performances. However, machine learning methods face a number of challenges in the field of self-compacting concrete performance design based on machine learning due to the limitations of its reliance on unsatisfiable data sets and poor interpretability of algorithm architectures. This paper systematically summarizes and compares the current applications of machine learning in the design of self-compacting concrete performances, focusing on the main technical difficulties faced by data-driven machine learning algorithms when applied to the field of self-compacting concrete design:the challenges of high dimensionality and small sample data, the challenges of multi-objective optimization of performances, and the challenges of complex and uninterpretable models. The paper also summarizes the development trends and future directions of machine learning applications in the field of self-compacting concrete material performances design.

The improved catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can significantly improve the performance of hybrid electrolyte lithium-air batteries. The two-dimensional material V₂C (MXenes) has attracted much attention due to its rich composition, high specific surface area, and strong stability. Based on the first principles approach of density functional theory (DFT), this work investigated the electronic properties of V₂C, the optimal adsorption sites of oxygen on the V₂C surface under alkaline conditions, and the redox process of oxygen on the V₂C surface, calculated the free energy and overpotential, and finally compared it with the MnO₂ catalyst commonly used in hybrid electrolyte lithium-air batteries. The results showed that V₂C has a lower overpotential than the commonly used MnO₂ catalyst when used as a catalyst for hybrid electrolyte Li-air batteries, indicated that the catalyst can improve the catalytic performance of the electrode and was a promising bifunctional catalyst for ORR and OER.