增材制造铝合金组织结构与性能研究进展

doi:10.11896/cldb.24100182

材料导报

2025, Vol. 39

Issue (19): 24100182-15 https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.24100182

金属与金属基复合材料

增材制造铝合金组织结构与性能研究进展

梁文杰, 董强胜^*, 章晓波

南京工程学院材料科学与工程学院,南京 211167

Research Progress on Microstructure and Properties of Additive-manufactured Aluminum Alloys

LIANG Wenjie, DONG Qiangsheng^*, ZHANG Xiaobo

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China

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摘要近年来,增材制造(Additive manufacturing,AM)技术因高效近净成形特征成为制造业领域的研究和应用热点。与传统材料加工方式相比,增材制造技术基于分层-叠加的原理,能够定制特殊形状和尺寸的零部件,且具有缩短零件生产周期、减少材料消耗等特点。考虑到铝合金在航空航天、轨道交通、新能源等领域的广泛应用,增材制造技术推动了复杂结构铝合金构件的快速发展。然而,铝合金在增材制造的快速凝固过程中常出现孔隙、裂纹和残余应力等问题,导致制件的力学性能和耐蚀性能下降。为突破铝合金增材制造的应用瓶颈,关键是开发适用于铝合金的增材制造技术,优化调控其组织结构与性能。本文综述了铝合金增材制造技术,包括选区激光熔化、电弧增材制造、搅拌摩擦增材制造和冷喷涂增材制造,归纳梳理了铝合金增材制造技术的研究现状与技术进展,总结分析了不同增材制造技术成形铝合金过程中关键工艺参数对合金构件组织结构和力学性能、耐腐蚀性能的影响,为铝合金增材制造技术和高性能铝合金制造提供了见解和参考。

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关键词: 增材制造铝合金微观组织力学性能耐腐蚀性能

Abstract: Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) technology has emerged as a prominent research and application in the manufacturing field due to its efficient near-net-shape forming. Compared with conventional material processing methods, AM, based on the layer-by-layer superposition principle, enables the customized design and preparation of parts with specialized shapes and dimensions along with shorter production cycles and reduced material consumption. Given the extensive application potential of aluminum alloys in aerospace, rail transit, new energy, and other fields, AM technology facilitates the rapid development and application of aluminum alloy components, even in intricate and complex structures. However, there are many issues in additive-manufactured aluminum alloys, such as porosity, cracking, and internal residual stress due to metal melting and rapid solidification during the AM process. These concomitant defects can degrade the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of the parts. Therefore, advanced AM technologies for aluminum alloys are crucial to overcoming the application bottlenecks by optimizing the structure and properties. This paper reviewed the current state of AM technologies in aluminum alloys, including selective laser melting, wire arc additive manufacturing, friction stir additive manufacturing, and cold spray additive manufacturing. The research status and technological advancements of AM technologies of aluminum alloy are summarized, and the processing-structure-performance relationship in various AM technologies is analyzed. Moreover, this paper provided insight into AM technologies of aluminum alloys, and offered guidance for exploring high-performance aluminum alloys.

Key words: additive manufacturing aluminum alloy microstructure mechanical property corrosion resistance

出版日期: 2025-10-10 发布日期: 2025-09-24

ZTFLH:

G146.2+1

基金资助: 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX24_1289);南京工程学院引进人才科研启动基金项目(YKJ202302)

通讯作者: *董强胜,博士,南京工程学院材料科学与工程学院副教授、硕士研究生导师。主要从事金属材料表面工程、腐蚀与防护研究工作。qsdong@njit.edu.cn

作者简介: 梁文杰,南京工程学院材料科学与工程学院硕士研究生,在章晓波教授和董强胜副教授的指导下进行研究。目前主要研究领域为铝合金电弧增材制造。

引用本文:

梁文杰, 董强胜, 章晓波. 增材制造铝合金组织结构与性能研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2025, 39(19): 24100182-15.
LIANG Wenjie, DONG Qiangsheng, ZHANG Xiaobo. Research Progress on Microstructure and Properties of Additive-manufactured Aluminum Alloys. Materials Reports, 2025, 39(19): 24100182-15.

链接本文:

https://www.mater-rep.com/CN/10.11896/cldb.24100182 或 https://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2025/V39/I19/24100182

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