Abstract: Ceramic capacitors have been widely studied due to their advantages such as high energy storage density, fast high-power charging and discharging rates, and low cost, making them have potential applications in pulse power technology energy storage systems. Although lead-containing ceramic capacitors exhibit excellent performance, lead has potential hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, the development of lead-free dielectric capacitors has become a focus of material research in this field. Sodium bismuth titanate (BNT) stands out among many lead-free dielectric energy storage materials due to its high polarization ability. However, due to the large internal domain size and strong interaction forces between domains, after removing the electric field, the domains cannot quickly recover, resulting in a large residual polarization. In addition, the low breakdown field strength of BNT ceramics and the volatilization of Bi3+ and Na+ during the preparation process lead to heterogeneity in microstructure and composition, all of which affect the energy storage performance of the material. This article reviews the methods for improving the energy storage performance of BNT ceramics in recent years from five aspects:enhancing relaxation effect, improving breakdown field strength, regulating phase composition, adopting defect engineering strategy, and designing multi-layer structure. These methods are comprehensively analyzed, with useful information providedfor the modification of BNT-based energy storage ceramics.
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