高性能锂硫电池研究进展与改进策略

doi:10.11896/cldb.20080027

材料导报

2022, Vol. 36

Issue (11): 20080027-14 https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.20080027

无机非金属及其复合材料

高性能锂硫电池研究进展与改进策略

冯阳, 汪港, 陈君妍, 康卫民, 邓南平, 程博闻

天津工业大学纺织科学与工程学院,分离膜与膜过程国家重点实验室,天津 300387

Research Progress and Improvement Strategy of High-performance Lithium Sulfur Battery

FENG Yang, WANG Gang, CHEN Junyan, KANG Weimin, DENG Nanping, CHENG Bowen

State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China

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摘要随着化石能源消耗及电动汽车(EVs)、便携式设备和电网存储的快速发展,传统锂离子电池已经不能满足人们对电池储能日益增长的需要,寻找下一代绿色储能系统也变得十分迫切。近年来,高能量密度低成本的锂硫电池(LSBs)技术得到了研究者们的极大关注。从理论上讲,正极的面积容量直接由硫含量和面载量共同决定。因此,为了提高LSBs的面积容量和能量密度,开发具有高性能的高载硫锂硫电池(HLSBs)势在必行。然而,目前LSBs实际能达到的能量密度远低于其理论能量密度。其主要原因可以归结于多硫化物(LiPSs)的“穿梭效应”、硫和二硫化锂/硫化锂(Li₂S₂/Li₂S)的导电性差以及锂枝晶生长等问题。更重要的是,当载硫量增加到实际应用水平时,上述问题变得更加严重。为解决这些问题,研究者们开发了不同策略来抑制LiPSs的“穿梭效应”,如物理包覆、静电排斥与极性吸附等。其中由于一些材料具有极性作用、表面缺陷等优点,引起了研究者们的广泛关注,因此研究者们相继开发了一维、二维以及三维等不同结构的催化材料来加快氧化还原反应,使得电池的循环寿命得以延长和库伦效率得到提高。尽管在提升性能方面已经取得很多进步,但这项技术的商业化前景取决于能否将其制成耐用且安全的电池系统。因此研究小组开发了新型功能性电解液添加剂、高性能隔膜和中间层、以及微/纳米结构的锂负极或锂复合负极稳定金属锂,从而提高电池安全性。从商业化的角度来看,LSBs的面积容量和能量密度需分别达到5 mAh·cm^-2和500 Wh·kg^-1,才能满足商业化EVs的需求。因此在提高其性能的同时,也需不断提高硫的负载量,以求达到更高的能量密度。
本文通过对近年来HLSBs的研究成果进行整理和总结,从三个方面综述了高性能的HLSBs的基础研究和发展策略,具体包括抑制LiPSs“穿梭效应”、电催化策略和整体安全策略。这些研究策略在抑制LiPSs“穿梭效应”、提高活性物质的利用效率方面,尤其在延长电池循环寿命和提高安全性方面有显著效果。最后,本文展望了高性能的HLSBs面临的科学挑战与未来发展的机遇。

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关键词: 高载硫锂硫电池穿梭效应吸附策略催化作用锂枝晶

Abstract: With the consumption of fossil fuels and the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs), portable devices and grid storage, traditional lithiu-mion batteries are unable to satisfy the ever-increasing demand of society. It is very important for researchers to explore for replaceable green new energy sources. In recent years, high-energy density and low-cost lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) technology has received great attention. In theory, the area capacity of the cell cathode is directly determined by the sulfur content and the sulfur loading. Therefore, it is imperative to deve-lop high-performance lithium sulfur batteries (HLSBs) with high loading for improving the area capacity and energy density. However, the actual energy density of LSBs is far lower than its theoretical value. The main reasons can be summarized in the ‘Shuttle effect' of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), the poor conductivity of sulfur and lithium sulfide (Li₂S₂/Li₂S) and uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites. More importantly, the above-mentioned problems will become more serious when the sulfur loading increases to the practical application level. In response to these problems, researchers have designed various strategies to suppress the “shuttle effect” of LiPSs, such as physical coating, electrostatic repulsion and polar adsorption. Moreover, some nano-catalytic materials have attracted wide attention from researchers due to the polar effect, surface defects and other advantages. Therefore, researchers have successively developed various catalytic materials with different structures such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional to accelerate the redox reaction, which has effectively improved the cycle life and coulombic efficiency of LSBs. Although researchers have made great contributions in terms of cycle life, the commercialization prospects of the technology depend on whether it can be made into durable and safe battery system. Therefore, the researching teams has developed new functional electrolyte additives, high-performance separators and interlayers, and micro/nano-structured lithium anodes or lithium composite anodes to stabilize lithium anodes for improving battery safety. From the perspective of commercialization, the area capacity and energy density of LSBs need to reach 5 mAh·cm^-2 and 500 Wh·kg^-1 to meet the requirements of commercial EVs. Thus, researchers are not only improving battery performance, but also constantly increasing the sulfur loading to achieve higher energy density, which is closer to commercial requirements.
In this review, the current development strategies for high performance HLSBs are presented and reviewed from three aspects including the suppression of LiPSs ‘Shuttle effect', electrocatalysis strategy and overall safety strategy. These strategies have significant effects on inhibiting the ‘Shuttle effect' and improving the utilization efficiency of active substances, especially on prolonging the cycle life and safety. At last, the future challenges and opportunities of high-performance HLSBs have also been indicated.

Key words: high-loading lithium sulfur battery shuttle effect adsorption strategy catalytic effect lithium dendrite

发布日期: 2022-06-09

ZTFLH:	TM919
	O646

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(51673148;51678411);中国博士后基金(2019M651047)

通讯作者: kangweimin@tiangong.edu.cn; dengnanping@tiangong.edu.cn

作者简介: 冯阳,现为天津工业大学硕士研究生,在康卫民教授的指导下进行研究。目前主要研究领域为静电纺纳米纤维在锂金属电池中的应用。
邓南平,在天津工业大学获得纺织科学与工程博士学位,并在天津工业大学材料科学与工程专业完成博士后的工作。现在,他在天津工业大学是一名讲师。主要研究方向是锂离子电池、锂硫电池和压电纳米发电机用电纺纳米纤维的基础能源科学和商业应用。
康卫民,从2007年开始在中国天津工业大学工作,2012年在天津工业大学获得纺织化工博士学位。2017年被任命为教授。主要研究方向是设计、制备和评价新型纳米纤维及其在催化、过滤、能量收集和储存等领域的应用。

引用本文:

冯阳, 汪港, 陈君妍, 康卫民, 邓南平, 程博闻. 高性能锂硫电池研究进展与改进策略[J]. 材料导报, 2022, 36(11): 20080027-14.
FENG Yang, WANG Gang, CHEN Junyan, KANG Weimin, DENG Nanping, CHENG Bowen. Research Progress and Improvement Strategy of High-performance Lithium Sulfur Battery. Materials Reports, 2022, 36(11): 20080027-14.

链接本文:

http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/10.11896/cldb.20080027 或 http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2022/V36/I11/20080027

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