Technical Actuality and Prospect of NdFeB Waste Recycling
LI Shijian1,2, CUI Zhenjie1, LI Wentao1, WANG Dong1,2, WANG Zhi1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Hydrometallurgy Clean Production Technology National Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China; 2 Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Science, Ganzhou 341119, China
Abstract: NdFeB magnet is one of the important rare earth functional materials. With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, wind power generation, electronic equipment and other industries, the demand for NdFeB magnets has been increased year by year. China is the largest producer of NdFeB in the world. The annual output is nearly 170 000 t, accounting for nearly 90% of world production. About 30% waste is produced during production process. In addition, a large number of magnets are discarded when the service life is reached. These wastes contain 20%—30% rare earth elements, which are valuable secondary resources. Waste recycling is not only conducive to environmental protection, but also contributes to the sustainable development of the rare earth industry. The composition characteristics of various NdFeB waste are quite different. Therefore, the treatment methods are also different. There are two research directions: (Ⅰ) recovery of rare earth elements from NdFeB waste; (Ⅱ) magnet regeneration manufacturing. The recovery method consists of hydrometallurgy and prometallurgy. How to achieve the organic unity of rare earth regeneration product quality, environmental friendliness and economy has become the hotspot and difficulty. The hydrometallurgy technologies include hydrochloric acid total solution method, hydrochloric acid optimal solution method, sulfate double salt precipitation method, etc. The general characteristics of these technologies are list as follows: the rare earth is separated from other elements by controlling the pH value. Single rare earth compound is obtained by multistage extraction. Then, the rare earth is converted into salt by precipitator, and the single rare earth oxide is obtained after calcination. These methods are highly adaptable to different raw materials, the purity of rare earth products is high. However, the process is long and environmentally unfriendly. The prometallurgy technologies include oxidation method, chlorinate method, liquid alloy extraction method, etc. The principle is based on the ability of rare earth elements and other elements to combine with oxygen, chlorine and alloying elements. These methods are short-process and relatively environmentally friendly, but mixed rare earth compounds are usually obtained. In addition, these methods are not industrialized. In recent years, new recovery methods have been developed at home and abroad, such as electrolysis method, ionic liquid method, hydrolysis method, etc., but they are still in their infancy. Mixed rare earth compound are obtained by electrolysis and hydrolysis method. Ionic liquid method has the advantages of good separation efficiency and high system stability, showing good prospect. Short-process regenerative manufacturing methods mainly include hydrogen detonation method, doping method, etc. These methods are short-process and relatively environmentally friendly. However, magnetic property usually decrease to a certain extent, which will further limit its application. How to ensure the property of regenerative magnets is the key point of regenerative manufacturing development in the future. This article briefly introduces the sources and characteristics of NdFeB waste, then summarizes the research status and problems of various recovery methods (hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, new recycling methods, short-process regeneration manufacturing). The research development tendency is also prospected. The article is expected to provide a reference for the comprehensive utilization of NdFeB waste.
作者简介: 李世健,2013年6月、2016年1月、2020年1月毕业于北京科技大学,分别获工学学士、硕士、博士学位。现为中国科学院过程工程研究所在站博士后,在王志研究员的指导下从事冶金二次资源综合利用技术及基础研究。 王志,研究员,博士研究生导师,中科院过程工程研究所资源环境绿色过程工程研究部副主任,国家自然科学优秀青年基金获得者。获中国有色金属工业科学技术奖一等奖(2019),中国产学研合作创新奖(2016),北京市科技新星(2008),中国有色金属冶金科技论文一等奖(2015,2017)等。任中国有色金属学会专家委员会委员、中国硅酸盐学会家委员会委员、北京市能源与环境学会委员等。开展有色金属战略资源循环过程精深分离、分质利用和产品高值化研究,构建了“多尺度相态设计-界面传递强化-产品构效调控-短程清洁工艺”一体化绿色技术体系。承担完成了20余项国家重点研究计划重点专项项目、国家科技支撑计划、国家自然科学基金、北京市自然科学基金以及企业合作项目。在化工冶金领域核心期刊MMTB、Hydrometallurgy、Crystal Growth & Design、Advanced Energy Materials等发表SCI论文140余篇,授权发明专利60余项。
引用本文:
李世健, 崔振杰, 李文韬, 王东, 王志. 钕铁硼废料循环利用技术现状与展望[J]. 材料导报, 2021, 35(3): 3001-3009.
LI Shijian, CUI Zhenjie, LI Wentao, WANG Dong, WANG Zhi. Technical Actuality and Prospect of NdFeB Waste Recycling. Materials Reports, 2021, 35(3): 3001-3009.
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2021, Vol. 35 
