Abstract: As an energy metal that “pushes the world forward”, lithium plays a significant role in the development of the national economy. Currently, there has been consistent growth in demand for lithium resources of various industries like glass, electrical appliances and pharmaceuticals, etc. Hence, it is of great importance in extraction and storage of lithium resources. Compared with the traditional method of extracting lithium from ores, extracting lithium from salt lake brine show notable superiority, because it is free for large amount of chemical input, and economical with substantially reduced cost, which makes it become a primary way for achieving lithium resources. Unfortunately, lithium and magnesium exist as a symbiosis in the salt lake brine, and the chemical properties of magnesium and lithium are similar with small difference in their ionic hydration radius. As a result, the problem of separating magnesium and lithium must be figure out first, in order to achieve high-efficiency lithium extraction from salt lakes. Presently, there are many ways for separating magnesium and lithium from salt lake. Nevertheless, these methods still suffer from large energy consumption, low economic benefit, environmental unfriendliness, and unfriendly unavailability for high magnesium-lithium ratio salt lake. Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure-driven membrane separation technique between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Thanks to the special pore size range and charge properties of nanofiltration membranes, monovalent, divalent and multivalent ions can be separate effectively. Consequently, nanofiltration technique has become an emerging method for magnesium and lithium separation, and shows remarkable advantage in the field of separation of magnesium and lithium in brine of salt lake, which is regarded as an important research direction by researchers at home and abroad. Research results show that the separation mechanism of NF membrane mainly includes electrostatic repulsion and steric resistance. In addition to the impact of solute size and pore size, the charge properties of the membrane surface exert a great effect on the separation of solute. Currently, the commercial NF membranes that have been mostly employed for magnesium and lithium separation are negative charged membranes. As the difference in ionic hydration radius of magnesium and lithium is not obvious, the steric hindrance effect plays a minor role in the separation process, and the separation of magnesium-lithium by membrane is mainly realized by electrostatic exclusion. In recent years, researchers have verified that positive charged NF membrane presents excellent performance in selective separation of Mg2+ and Li+. According to the electrostatic repulsive effect, high valence cations (Mg2+) own a higher positive charge than low valence (Li+), leading to a stronger exclusion between high valence cations and positive charged NF membrane and resulting in a stronger rejection to Mg2+ than Li+. From the point of view of the distribution and extraction of lithium resources in salt lake, this article summarizes various methods for magnesium and lithium separation from brine. Based on the structure and mechanism of nanofiltration membrane, the relevant characteristics of nanofiltration membrane are analyzed and summarized comprehensively, and the application status and existing problems of magnesium and lithium separation by nanofiltration are reviewed. In view of the special structure and distribution of magnesium and lithium in salt lake brine in China, the prospect of nanofiltration technology applied to the separation of magnesia and lithium in salt lake is proposed.
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2019, Vol. 33 
