One-dimensional TiO2 Photoanodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication and Applications
YANG Xiaojie1,2, DONG Binghai1,2, CHEN Fengxiang1,2, WAN Li1,2, ZHAO Li1,2, WANG Shimin1,2
1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062; 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University,Wuhan 430062
Abstract: Titanium dioxide(TiO2) has been widely used in dye sensitized solar cells because of its excellent band gap, good photoelectrochemical stability and simple fabrication process. The majority of the photoanode is mainly composed of nanoparticles, however, the nanoparticles are not beneficial to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency nor to separate electron and hole transport in the dye-sensitized solar cell. Therefore, one-dimensional nanostructured photoanodes can be used to replace the nanoparticles, which will greatly enhance the power conversion efficiency. One-dimensional nanomaterial have less grain boundaries, which can accelerate the charge transport of electrons, effectively reduce the recombination of holes / electrons and absorb the dye to improve efficiency. At the same time, the larger specific surface area of one-dimensional titania is not only beneficial to the increase of dye adsorption capacity, but also can effectively improve the current density. In this paper, the latest research progress of several one-dimensional TiO2 preparation methods are reviewed. The effects of different preparation methods on the band structure, light absorption characteristics, dye adsorption and electron transfer process are analyzed. The application of one-dimensional TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cell in recent years are introduced. Finally, the future application of one-dimensional TiO2 in dye-sensitized solar cells is proposed.
1 Bai Y, Mora-Sero I, De Angelis F, et al. Titanium dioxide nanomaterials for photovoltaic applications[J]. Chem Rev,2014,114(19):10095. 2 Ma Y, Wang X, Jia Y, et al. Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations[J]. Chem Rev,2014,114(19):9987. 3 Wang G, Wang H, Ling Y, et al. Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting[J]. Nano Lett,2011,11(7):3026. 4 Yang H G, Sun C H, Qiao S Z, et al. Anatase TiO2 single crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets[J]. Nature,2008,453(7195):638. 5 Giordano F, Abate A, Baena J P C, et al. Enhanced electronic pro-perties in mesoporous TiO2 via lithium doping for high-efficiency pe-rovskite solar cells[J]. Nat Commun,2016,7:10379. 6 Tang K, Li Y, Cao H, et al. Amorphous-crystalline TiO2/carbon nanofibers composite electrode by one-step electrospinning for symmetric supercapacitor[J]. Electrochim Acta,2016,190:678. 7 Cheng Y, Chen Z, Wu H, et al. Lithium-ion batteries: Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of TiO2-carbon hybrid nanostructures for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Adv Funct Mater,2016,26(9):1487. 8 Ge M, Cao C, Huang J, et al. A review of one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructured materials for environmental and energy applications[J]. J Mater Chem A,2016,4(18):6772. 9 Chai Z, Wu M, Fang M, et al. Similar or totally different: The adjustment of the twist conformation through minor structural modification, and dramatically improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cell[J]. Adv Energy Mater, 2015,5(18):1. 10 Hwang S H, Yun J, Jang J. Multi-shell porous TiO2 hollow nano-particles for enhanced light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Adv Funct Mater,2014,24(48):7619. 11 Pan K, Dong Y, Tian C, et al. TiO2-B narrow nanobelt/TiO2 nanoparticle composite photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Electrochim Acta,2009,54:7350. 12 Hossain M A, Park J, Ahn J Y, et al. Investigation of TiO2 nanotubes/nanoparticles stacking sequences to improve power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Electrochim Acta,2015,173:665. 13 Gyäri Z, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á. Visible light activation photocatalytic performance of PbSe quantum dot sensitized TiO2 nanowires[J]. Appl Catal B—Environ,2015,179:583. 14 Ahn S H, Chi W S, Park J T, et al. Direct assembly of preformed nanoparticles and graft copolymer for the fabrication of micrometer-thick, organized TiO2 films: High efficiency solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Adv Mater,2012,24:519. 15 Seong W M, Kim D H, Park I J, et al. Roughness of Ti substrates for control of the preferred orientation of TiO2 nanotube arrays as a new orientation factor[J]. J Phys Chem C,2015,119:13297. 16 Hoertz P G, Chen Z F, Kent C A, et al. Application of high surface area tin-doped indium oxide nanoparticle films as transparent conducting electrodes[J]. Inorg Chem,2010,49:8179. 17 Wee K R, Sherman B D, Brennaman M K, et al. An aqueous, organic dye derivatized SnO2/TiO2 core/shell photoanode[J]. J Mater Chem A,2016,4:2969. 18 Sabatini R P, Eckenhoff W T, Orchard A, et al. From seconds to femtoseconds: Solar hydrogen production and transient absorption of chalcogenorhodamine dyes[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,136:7740. 19 Wang H, Li J, Gong F, et al. Ionic conductor with high conductivity as single-component electrolyte for efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2013,135:12627. 20 Cui X J, Xiao J P, Wu Y H, et al. A graphene composite material with single cobalt active sites: A highly efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells[J] Angew Chem Int Ed,2016,55:6793. 21 Snaith H J, Mende L S. Advances in liquid-electrolyte and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Adv Mater, 2007,19:3187. 22 Guo S W, Yuan C G. Preparation and application of silver nano composite fibers by electrostatic spinning[J]. Progress Chem,2015,27:1841. 23 Wang Juan. Fabrication, characterization and the property investigation of electrospun one-dimensional multiple oxide nanostructures[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2014. 王娟. 一维纳米多元氧化物材料的静电纺丝制备及其性能表征 [D].杭州:浙江大学,2014. 24 Li D, Xia Y. Fabrication of titania anofibers by electrospinning[J]. Nano Lett,2003,3:555. 25 Song M Y, Kim D K, Ihn K J, et al. Electrospun TiO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Nanotechnology,2004,15:1861. 26 Yang Y, Wang H, Zhou Q, et al. Improved lithium storage properties of electrospun TiO2 with tunable morphology: From porous anatase to necklace rutile[J]. Nanoscale,2013,5:10267. 27 Du P, Song L, Xiong J, at al. Coaxial electrospun TiO2 /ZnO core-sheath nanofibers film: Novel structure for photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Electrochim Acta,2012,78:392. 28 Krishnamoorthy T, Thavasi V, Ramakrishna S. A first report on the fabrication of vertically aligned anatase TiO2 nanofibers by electrospinning: Preferred architecture for nanostructured solar cells[J]. Energy Environ Sci, 2011,4:2807. 29 Joshi P, Zhang L, Davoux D, et al. Composite of TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells with significantly improved efficiency[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2010,3:1507. 30 Yang L, Leung W W F. Application of a bilayer TiO2 nanofiber photoanode for optimization of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Adv Mater,2011,23:4559. 31 Yang L, Leung, W W F. Electrospun TiO2 nanorods with carbon nanotubes for efficient electron collection in dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Adv Mater,2013,25:1792. 32 Du P, Song L, Xiong J, et al. A photovoltaic smart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based on co-electrospun TiO2/MgO core-sheath nanorods: Novel textiles of integrating energy and environmental science with textile research[J]. Textile Res J,2013,83(16):1690. 33 Shengyuan Y, Peining Z, Nair A S, et al. Rice grain-shaped TiO2 mesostructures—Synthesis, characterization and applications in dye-sensitized solar cells and photocatalysis[J]. J Mater Chem,2011,21:6541. 34 Zhu P N, Nair A S, Yang S Y, et al. Rice grain-shaped TiO2 -CNT composite—A functional material with a novel morphology for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. J Photoch Photobio A: Chem,2012,231:9. 35 Hu H, Ding J, Zhang S, et al. Photodeposition of Ag2S on TiO2 nanorod arrays for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells[J]. Nanoscale Res Lett,2013,8(1):1. 36 Gong D, Grimes C A, Varghese O K, et al. Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation[J]. J Mater Res,2001,16:3331. 37 Grimes C A. Synthesis and application of highly ordered arrays of TiO2 nanotubes[J]. J Mater Chem.2007,17: 1451. 38 Wang X Y, Sun L D, Zhang S, et al. Ultralong, small-diameter TiO2 nanotubes achieved by an optimized two-step anodization for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Inter,2014,6:1361. 39 Jennings J R, Ghicov A, Peter L M, et al. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: Transport, trapping, and transfer of electrons[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2008,130:13364. 40 Lian Z, Wang W, Xiao S, et al. Plasmonic silver quantum dots coupled with hierarchical TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrodes for efficient visible-light photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Sci Rep,2015,5:10461. 41 Yip C T, Guo M, Huang H, et al. Open-ended TiO2 nanotubes formed by two-step anodization and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Nanoscale,2012,4:448. 42 Hu J H, Zhao L, Yang Y P, et al. TiO2 nanotube arrays composite film as photoanode for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell[J]. Int J Photoenergy,2014,2014(7):244. 43 Kasuga T, Hiramatsu M, Hoson A, et al. Formation of titanium oxide nanotube[J]. Langmuir,1998,14(12): 3160. 44 Kilic B, Turkdogan S, Astam A, et al. Preparation of carbon nanotube/TiO2 mesoporous hybrid photoanode with iron pyrite (FeS2 ) thin films counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cell[J]. Sci Rep,2016,6:27052. 45 Dong R, Jiang S, Li Z, et al. Superhydrophilic TiO2 nanorod films with variable morphology grown on different substrates[J]. Mater Lett,2015,152:151. 46 Xie Y, Xia C, Du H, et al. Enhanced electrochemical performance of polyaniline/carbon/titanium nitride nanowire array for flexible supercapacitor[J]. J Power Sources,2015,286:561. 47 Sarkar D, Ghosh C K, Mukherjee S, et al. Three dimensional Ag2O/TiO2 type-Ⅱ (p-n) nanoheterojunctions for superior photocatalytic activity[J]. ACS Appl Mater Inter,2014,6:10044. 48 Wang F, Zhang G, Zhao Z, et al. TiO2 nanosheet array thin film for self-cleaning coating[J]. RSC Adv,2015,5: 9861. 49 Zhou Z J, Fan J Q, Wang X, et al. Effect of highly ordered single-crystalline TiO2 nanowire length on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Inter,2011,3:4349. 50 Akilavasan J, Wijeratne K, Moutinho H, et al. Hydrothermally synthesized titania nanotubes as a promising electron transport me-dium in dye sensitized solar cells exhibiting a record efficiency of 7.6% for 1-D based devices[J]. J Mater Chem A,2013,1:5377. 51 Iraj M, Nayeri F D, Asl-Soleimani E, et al. Controlled growth of vertically aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays using the improved hydrothermal method and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. J Alloys Compd,2016, 659:44. 52 Nakahira A, Kubo T, Numako C. Formation mechanism of TiO2-derived titanate nanotubes prepared by the hydrothermal process[J]. Inorg Chem,2010,49:5845. 53 Liu Y M, Zhang M L, Jiang Y, et al. Coupling effects of Au-decorated core-shell β-NaYF4∶Er/Yb@SiO2 microprisms in dye-sensitized solar cells: Plasmon resonance versus upconversion[J]. Electrochim Acta,2015,173: 483. 54 Tang Y, Zhang Y, Deng J, et al. Unravelling the correlation between the aspect ratio of nanotubular structures and their electrochemical performance to achieve high-rate and long-life lithium-ion batteries[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed,2014,126:13706. 55 Tang Y, Zhang Y, Deng J, et al. Mechanical force-driven growth of elongated bending TiO2-based nanotubular materials for ultrafast rechargeable lithium ion batteries[J]. Adv Mater,2014,26:6111. 56 Liao C H, Shih W T, Chen C C, et al. Effect of photoelectrode morphology of single-crystalline anatase nanorods on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Thin Solid Films,2011,519:5552. 57 Wang G, Xiao X, Li W, et al. Significantly enhanced visible light photoelectrochemical activity in TiO2 nanowire arrays by nitrogen implantation[J]. Nano Lett,2015,15(7):4692. 58 Yuan T, Lu H B, Dong B H, et al. Single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays with high surface area for enhanced conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron,2015,26:1332. 59 Dai G, Zhao L, Li J, et al. A novel photoanode architecture of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 hollow sphere/nanorod array double-layer film[J]. J Colloid Interface Sci,2012,365(1):46. 60 Kathirvel S, Su C C, Shiao Y J, et al. Solvothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanorods to enhance photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Solar Energy,2016,132:310. 61 He Z, Que W, Chen J, et al. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over nitrogen-fluorine codoped TiO2 nanobelts prepared by solvothermal synthesis[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interface,2012,4:6816. 62 Zhao J, Yao J, Zhang Y, et al. Effect of thermal treatment on TiO2 nanorod electrodes prepared by the solvothermal method for dye-sensitized solar cells: Surface reconfiguration and improved electron transport[J]. J Power Sources,2014,255:16. 63 Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, et al. Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides[J]. Science,2001,293(5528):269. 64 Hou X, Wang C W, Zhu W D, et al. Preparation of nitrogen-doped anatase TiO2 nanoworm/nanotube hierarchical structures and its photocatalytic effect[J]. Solid State Sci,2014,29:27. 65 Nam S H, Shim H S, Kim Y S, et al. Ag or Au nanoparticle-embedded one-dimensional composite TiO2 nanofibers prepared via electrospinning for use in lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interface,2010,2(7):2046. 66 Lin C H, Chao J H, Tsai W J, et al. Effects of electron charge density and particle size of alkali metal titanate nanotube-supported Pt photocatalysts on production of H2 from neat alcohol[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys,2014,16: 23743. 67 Zhao L, Zhong C, Wang Y L, et al. Ag nanoparticle-decorated 3D flower-like TiO2 hierarchical microstructures composed of ultrathin nanosheets and enhanced photoelectrical conversion properties in dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. J Power Sources,2015,292:49. 68 Rao H S, Wu W Q, Liu Y, et al. CdS/CdSe co-sensitized vertically aligned anatase TiO2 nanowire arrays for efficient solar cells[J]. Nano Energy,2014,8:1. 69 Wang X D, Li Z D, Shi J, et al. One-dimensional titanium dioxide nanomaterials: nanowires, nanorods, and nanobelts[J]. Chem Rev,2014,114:9346. 70 Li H, Yu Q, Huang Y, et al. Ultra-long rutile TiO2 nanowire arrays for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interface,2016,8:13384. 71 Sun Z, Liang M, Chen J. Kinetics of iodine-free redox shuttles in dye-sensitized solar cells: Interfacial recombination and dye regeneration[J]. Acc Chem Res,2015,48:1541. 72 Ohsaki Y,Masaki N, Kitamura T, et al. Dye-sensitized TiO2 nanotube solar cells: Fabrication and electronic characterization[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys,2005,7:4157. 73 Myahkostupov M, Zamkov M, Castellano F N. Dye-sensitized photovoltaic properties of hydrothermally prepared TiO2 nanotubes[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2011,4:998. 74 Guo W, Xue X, Wang S, et al. An integrated power pack of dye-sensitized solar cell and Li battery based on double-sided TiO2 nanotube arrays[J]. Nano Lett,2012,12:2520. 75 Meng L, Ren T, Li C. The control of the diameter of the nanorods prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering and the applications for DSSC[J]. Appl Surf Sci,2010,256:3676. 76 Qiu J, Zhuge F, Li X, et al. Coaxial multi-shelled TiO2 nanotube arrays for dye sensitized solar cells[J]. J Mater Chem,2012,22:3549. 77 Zhu J J, Zhao Y L, Zhu L, et al. Synthesis and application of TiO2 single-crystal nanorod arrays grown by multicycle hydrothermal for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Chin Phys B,2014,23:629. 78 Liu W, Lu H, Zhang M, et al. Controllable preparation of TiO2 nanowire arrays on titanium mesh for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Appl Surf Sci,2015,347:214. 79 Chen J, Song W, Hou H, et al. Ti3+ self-doped dark rutile TiO2 ultrafine nanorods with durable high-rate capability for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Adv Funct Mater,2015,25:6793. 80 Gu B, Liu Z, Wang X, et al. RF magnetron sputtering synthesis of carbon fibers/ZnO coaxial nanocable microelectrode for electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid[J]. Mater Lett,2016,181:265. 81 Rayerfrancis A, Bhargav P B, Ahmed N, et al. Structural and optical investigations on seed layer assisted hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods on flat and textured substrates[J]. Mater Res Express,2016,3(12):125001. 82 Kovácˇ J, Hronec P, Búc D, et al. Study of ZnO nanostructures grown by a hydrothermal process on GaP/ZnO nanowires[J]. Appl Surf Sci,2015,337:254. 83 Mbuyisa P N, Ndwandwe O M, Cepek C. Controlled growth of zinc oxide nanorods synthesised by the hydrothermal method[J]. Thin Solid Films,2015,578:7. 84 Yoo I H, Kalanur S S, Lee S Y, et al. Uniform ZnO nanorod/Cu2O core-shell structured solar cells by bottom-up RF magnetron sputtering[J]. RSC Adv,2016,6(86):82900. 85 Jin E M, Zhao X G, Park J Y, et al. Enhancement of the photoelectric performance of dye-sensitized solar cells using Ag-doped TiO2 nanofibers in a TiO2 film as electrode[J]. Nanoscale Res Lett,2012,7:1. 86 Naphade R A, Tathavadekar M, Jog J P, et al. Plasmonic light harvesting of dye sensitized solar cells by Au-nanoparticle loaded TiO2 nanofibers[J]. J Mater Chem A,2014,2:975. 87 Kim H, Suh J S. Increasing the surface area of TiO2 nanotube membranes by filling the channels with onion type carbon materials and TiCl4 for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. RSC Adv,2015,5:74107. 88 Zhang J, Li Q, Li S, et al. An efficient photoanode consisting of TiO2 nanoparticle-filled TiO2 nanotube arrays for dye sensitized solar cells[J]. J Power Sources,2014,268:941. 89 Liu G, Peng M, Song W, et al. An 8.07% efficient fiber dye-sensitized solar cell based on a TiO2 micron-core array and multilayer structure photoanode[J]. Nano Energy,2015,11:341. 90 Lv M, Zheng D, Ye M, et al. Optimized porous rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays for enhancing the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2013,6:1615. 91 Yeh M H, Lin L Y, Chou C Y, et al. Preparing core-shell structure of ZnO@TiO2 nanowires through a simple dipping-rinse-hydrolyzation process as the photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Nano Energy,2013,2:609. 92 Williams V O, Jeong N C, Prasittichai C, et al. Fast transporting ZnO-TiO2 coaxial photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells based on ALD-modified SiO2 aerogel frameworks[J]. ACS Nano,2012,6:6185. 93 Kakiage K, Aoyama Y, Yano T, et al. Highly-efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with collaborative sensitization by silyl-anchor and carboxy-anchor dyes[J]. Chem Commun,2015,51(88):15894.
渝公网安备50019002502923号 版权所有：《材料导报》编辑部
2017, Vol. 31 
