Study on the Synergistic Mechanism and Pore Structure of Composite Admixtures on Rheology and Constructability of 3D Printed Mortar
MA Yapeng1, ZHAI Wenhui1, ZHANG Dongsheng2, ZHU Tao1, YANG Qiuning1, MAO Mingjie1,*
1 School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China 2 Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Bruges 8200, Belgium
Abstract: To achieve continuous and uniform extrusion of 3D-printed FA-GGBS-cement composites (3DFGPC) while ensuring shape retention and structural stability during layer-by-layer deposition, calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) was employed as an early-strength agent, and two thixotropic additives, organically modified bentonite (OB) and attapulgite (AT) were investigated. In this study, CSA cement was first investigated as a single admixture to identify the optimal dosage that provides the most suitable workability and mechanical properties for 3D printing extrusion and shape retention. Subsequently, the selected CSA formulation was respectively combined with OB and AT to systematically analyze their effects on the workability, rheological properties, and mechanical performance of 3DFGPC. The evolution of the materia's pore structure was concurrently analyzed using bubble spacing measurements. Key findings demonstrate that a 4% CSA content (by mass) provided suitable printability but insufficient structural build-up. The incorporation of thixotropic additives substantially enhanced performance, with thixotropic values reaching 1 762.2 Pa·s-1 (4% CSA+1.0% OB) and 2 328.5 Pa·s-1 (4% CSA+0.8% AT), representing improvements of 7.74% and 42.4% respectively compared to the 4% CSA reference group (C4). Rheological analysis and anisotropy evaluation revealed AT's more pronounced effect on 3DFGPC properties. Pore structure characterization further showed that 0.8% AT addition significantly reduced both bubble quantity and spacing coefficient, markedly improving material density. The synergistic combination of 4% CSA and 0.8% AT yielded optimal enhancement of 3DFGPC's extrudability, structural stability, and microstructural densification, establishing this formulation as particularly suitable for 3D printing applications.
马亚鹏, 翟文辉, 张东生, 朱涛, 杨秋宁, 毛明杰. 复合外加剂对3D打印砂浆流变与建造性的协同机制及孔结构研究[J]. 材料导报, 2025, 39(17): 25030044-8.
MA Yapeng, ZHAI Wenhui, ZHANG Dongsheng, ZHU Tao, YANG Qiuning, MAO Mingjie. Study on the Synergistic Mechanism and Pore Structure of Composite Admixtures on Rheology and Constructability of 3D Printed Mortar. Materials Reports, 2025, 39(17): 25030044-8.
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2025, Vol. 39 
