Research Progress on Formation and Regulation of Air Void Defects on Fair-faced Concrete Surface
JIANG Qian1,2,*, YU Cheng1, ZHANG Qian1, ZHOU Maixi1, LIU Jianzhong1, HAN Fangyu1
1 State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China 2 Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210008, China
Abstract: Fair-faced concrete is widely used in civil engineering construction for its aesthetic qualities (including the absence of bugholes, uniform colour appearance and natural surface texture) and for reducing carbon emissions.The control of surface air voids is one of the most difficult problems in the preparation of fair-faced concrete due to the unclear mechanism of void formation and the enormous coupling factors.Recently, researchers have attempted to qualitatively analyse the relationship between some key factors (such as concrete materials and construction processes) and surface air void characteristics, in order to guide the fair-faced concrete construction practice.In this review, the authors summarized the research progress on surface air void defect formation and regulation studies.From the point of view of the conversion of air bubbles into surface air voids during concrete hardening, the formation, Ostwald ripening, migration and adhesion of air bubbles in fresh concrete are the key processes.Thus, four aspects were introduced, including the evaluation of surface air void defects, air bubble evolution, the influence of concrete rheological state under vibration on air bubble emission, and the function of formwork/release agent.The main conclusions and remaining problems of the existing literature were also highlighted.Finally, the authors prospected the research and application of the formation mechanism and regulation methods of concrete surface air void defects.
1 Professional Committee of Building Energy and Emissions. 2022 Research report of China building energy consumption and carbon emissions, China Association for Building Energy Efficiency, China, 2022, pp.1 (in Chinese). 中国建筑节能协会建筑能耗与碳排放数据专委会. 2022中国建筑能耗与碳排放研究报告, 中国建筑节能协会, 2022, pp. 1. 2 Zheng Y D, Lai J Y, Wu S Y, et al. Journal of Engineering Management, 2018, 32(1), 12 (in Chinese). 郑艳丹, 赖芨宇, 吴淑艺, 等. 工程管理学报, 2018, 32(1), 12. 3 Jin Z Q, Wang P G, Li G, et al. Preparation and application technology of fair-faced concrete in coastal environment, China Building Materials Press, China, 2020, pp.1 (in Chinese). 金祖权, 王鹏刚, 李刚, 等. 滨海环境清水混凝土制备与应用技术, 中国建材工业出版社, 2020, pp.1. 4 Lin M. Journal of Management World, 2020, 36(12), 202 (in Chinese). 林鸣. 管理世界, 2020, 36(12), 202. 5 Hao Z X, Qian C X, Zhou H Y, et al. Materials Reports, 2020, 34(S2), 1233 (in Chinese). 郝哲昕, 钱春香, 周横一, 等. 材料导报, 2020, 34(S2), 1233. 6 Wu Y L, Liu W, Liu S N, et al. New Building Materials, 2021, 48(6), 46 (in Chinese). 吴永立, 刘伟, 刘思楠, 等. 新型建筑材料, 2021, 48(6), 46. 7 Bissonnette B, Courard L, Garbacz A. Concrete surface engineering, CRC Press, UK, 2015, pp. 7. 8 Reading T J. Am Concrete Inst Journal & Proceedings, 1972, 69(3), 165. 9 Hu L, Yoshitake I, Sayama M, et al. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2022, 74(5), 217. 10 Amini K, Vosoughi P, Ceylan H, et al. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, 104, 103364. 11 Thomson M S. Journal of Concrete Society, 1969, 3(2), 64. 12 Wei W, Ding L Y, Luo H B, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 281(9), 122576. 13 Liu B J, Yang T Y. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 137, 432. 14 Jiang Q, Yu Cheng, Yuan S S, et al. Materials Reports, 2021, 35(20), 20022 (in Chinese). 姜骞, 于诚, 袁森森, 等. 材料导报, 2021, 35(20), 20022. 15 Qiao M, Shan G C, Chen J, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 242, 118188. 16 Zeng X H, Lan X L, Zhu H S, et al. Materials, 2020, 13(8), 1820. 17 Liu Q. Study on air voids formation mechanism and influencing factors of air-entrained concrete. Ph. D. Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology, China, 2021 (in Chinese). 刘琪. 引气混凝土气孔结构形成机制及影响因素研究. 博士学位论文, 哈尔滨工业大学, 2021. 18 Ni B, Luo Z G, Zou Z S. The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2008, 8(S1), 140 (in Chinese). 倪冰, 罗志国, 邹宗树. 过程工程学报, 2008, 8(S1), 140. 19 Chen Y Q, Qian C X, Zhang J. Materials Reports, 2022, 36(S1), 225 (in Chinese). 陈燕强, 钱春香, 张健. 材料导报, 2022, 36(S1), 225. 20 Wang Z Q, Guan Q F, Li L, et al. Concrete, 2022(4), 120 (in Chinese). 王祖琦, 关青锋, 李立, 等. 混凝土, 2022(4), 120. 21 CIB Working Commission W29. Tolerances on blemishes of concrete, Netherlands, 1973, pp. 1. 22 ACI Committee 347. Guide to formed concrete surfaces, USA, 2013, pp.1. 23 Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Technical specification for fair-faced concrete construction: JGJ 169-2009, China Architecture Industry Publishing House, China, 2009, pp.1 (in Chinese). 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 清水混凝土应用技术规程: JGJ 169-2009, 中国建筑工业出版社, 2009, pp.1. 24 National Energy Administration. Specifications for fair-faced concrete construction of hydroelectric and hydraulic engineering: DL/T 5306-2013, China Electric Power Press, China, 2014, pp.1 (in Chinese). 国家能源局. 水电水利工程清水混凝土施工规范: DL/T 5306-2013, 中国电力出版社, 2014, pp.1. 25 National Energy Administration. Technical specifications for as-cast finish concrete construction of PWR nuclear power plants: NB/T 20349-2015, Institute of Standardization of Nuclear Industry, China, 2015, pp.1 (in Chinese). 国家能源局. 核电厂清水混凝土施工技术规程: NB/T 20349-2015, 核工业标准化研究所, 2015, pp.1. 26 da Silva W R L, Štemberk P. Advances in Engineering Software, 2013, 64, 47. 27 Hu L, Yoshitake I, Maeda T. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2020, 73(21), 1. 28 Wei F J. Bughole Detection and evaluation of fair-Faced concrete surface based on convolutional neural network. Ph. D. Thesis, Chongqing University, China, 2020 (in Chinese). 魏伏佳. 基于卷积神经网络的清水混凝土表面气泡检测与评价. 博士学位论文, 重庆大学, 2020. 29 Saorin F J B, Belmonte I M, Costa C P, et al. Sustainability, 2018, 10, 931. 30 Yoshitake I, Maeda T, Hieda M. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2018, 8, 116. 31 Megid W A, Khayat K H. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 238, 117638. 32 Jiang Q, Yu C, Zhou M X. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2023, 75(24), 1285. 33 Shi J H, Qian C X, Hao Z X. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 72, 106476. 34 Tan Y, Li G, Cai R Y, et al. Automation in Construction, 2022, 139, 104284. 35 Wei F J, Yao G, Yang Y, et al. Automation in Construction, 2019, 107, 102920. 36 Tao J Q, Gong H T, Wang F J, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 324, 126717. 37 Yao G, Wei F J, Yang Y, et al. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, 3, 1. 38 Liu B J, Yang T Y, Xie Y J. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 153, 897. 39 Majchrowski R, Grzelka M, Wieczorowski M, et al. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 2015, 22(4), 565. 40 Hua L X, Lu Y, Deng J H, et al. Automation in Construction, 2022, 142, 104469. 41 Vital W, Silva R, de Morais M V, et al. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2023, 79, 608. 42 Department of Housing and Urban-rural Construction of Jiangsu Province. Technical specification for application of fair-faced concrete: DB32/T 4184-2021, Jiangsu Phoenix Science Press, China, 2021, pp.1 (in Chinese). 江苏省住房和城乡建设厅. 清水混凝土应用技术规程: DB32/T 4184-2021, 江苏凤凰科学技术出版社, 2021, pp. 1. 43 China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization. Technical specification for post-cast fair-faced concrete: T/CECS 814-2021, China Planning Press, China, 2021, pp. 1 (in Chinese). 中国工程建设标准化协会. 后浇清水混凝土技术规程: T/CECS 814-2021, 中国计划出版社, 2021, pp. 1. 44 Tunstalla L E, Ley M T, Schererc G W. Cement and Concrete Research, 2021, 150, 106557. 45 Zhang X, Zhang H, Gao H, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 196, 245. 46 Rath S, Puthipad N, Attachaiyawuth A, et al. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2017, 15(1), 29. 47 Puthipad N, Ouchi M, Rath S, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 144, 1. 48 Rath S, Ouchi M, Puthipad N, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 148, 531. 49 Ouchi M, Kameshima K, Attachaiyawuth A. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2017, 15(1), 10. 50 Puthipad N, Ouchi M, Rath S, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 128, 349. 51 Puthipad N, Ouchi M, Attachaiyawuth A. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 180, 437. 52 Drenckhan, W, Saint-Jalmes A. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2015, 222, 228. 53 Stubenrauch C, Miller R. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108(20), 6412. 54 Xiao M, Li F X, Yang P F, et al. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 71, 106500. 55 Fantous T Y A. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 112, 103653. 56 Zhu B R, Wu X L. Concrete, 1999(2), 13 (in Chinese). 朱蓓蓉, 吴学礼. 混凝土, 1999(2), 13. 57 Łaz′niewska-Piekarczyk B. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 41, 374. 58 Luo X, Wang L, Wang Z D. Materials Reports, 2021, 35(S2), 213 (in Chinese). 罗祥, 王玲, 王振地. 材料导报, 2021, 35(S2), 213. 59 Kwan A K H, Fung W W S. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2012, 34(2), 121. 60 Liu J Z, Wang K J, Zhang Q Q, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 149, 359. 61 Zhang J Y, Gao X J, Yu L C. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 239, 117843. 62 Wang J L, Nguyen A V, Farrokhpay S. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2016, 228, 55. 63 Lin G, Frostad J M, Fuller G G. Physical Review Fluids, 2018, 3(11), 114001. 64 Ye X M, Li M L, Zhang X S, et al. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(16), 273 (in Chinese). 叶学民, 李明兰, 张湘珊, 等. 物理学报, 2018, 67(16), 273. 65 Moradian M, Hu Q, Aboustait M, et al. Materials and Design, 2017, 136, 137. 66 Corr D J, Lebourgeoisa J, Monteiro P J M, et al. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002, 32, 1025. 67 Ley M T, Folliard K J, Hover K C. Cement and Concrete Research, 2009, 39(5), 409. 68 Ley M T, Chancey R, Maria C G, et al. Cement and Concrete Research, 2009, 39, 417. 69 Tunstall L E, Scherer G W, Prud’homme R K. Cement and Concrete Research, 2017, 92, 29. 70 Zang D Y, Rio E, Delon G, et al. Molecular Physics, 2011, 109, 1057. 71 Yang Z Z, Zhu J Y, Li X G, et al. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2017, 36(5), 1675 (in Chinese). 杨兆中, 朱静怡, 李小刚, 等. 化工进展, 2017, 36(5), 1675. 72 Petit P, Javierre I, Jézéquel P, et al. Cement and Concrete Research, 2014, 60, 37. 73 Luo X, Wang L, Wang Z D. Materials Reports, 2023, 37(18), 75 (in Chinese). 罗祥, 王玲, 王振地. 材料导报, 2023, 37(18), 75. 74 Khayat V K. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(5), 655. 75 Li Y. Characteristics of air bubbles over the life cycle under low air pressure and improvement of the performance of air entrained concrete. Ph. D. Thesis, China Building Materials Academy, China, 2021 (in Chinese). 李扬. 低气压下气泡全生命期特征及引气混凝土性能提升. 博士学位论文, 中国建筑材料科学研究总院, 2021. 76 Huo J Y, Wang Z J, Chen H X, et al. Materials, 2019, 12(9), 1384. 77 Jiang Q, Wu D Y, Su A, et al. China Concrete and Cement Products, 2023(7), 26 (in Chinese). 姜骞, 吴东阳, 苏昂, 等. 混凝土与水泥制品, 2023(7), 26. 78 Jiang Q, Xia P F, Xu W, et al. China Concrete and Cement Products, 2023(2), 1 (in Chinese). 姜骞, 夏鹏飞, 徐文, 等. 混凝土与水泥制品, 2023(2), 1. 79 Chen G W, An J F, Guo Z Y, et al. China Concrete and Cement Products, 2023(4), 18 (in Chinese). 陈光伟, 安景峰, 郭赵元, 等. 混凝土与水泥制品, 2023(4), 18. 80 Ras A, Prdmb C, Rp A, et al. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 257, 120508. 81 Jiao D W, Shi C J, Yuan Q, et al. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2017, 83, 146. 82 Kwasny J, Sonebi M, Plasse J, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 89, 102. 83 Wael A. Effect of rheology on surface quality and performance of SCC. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Sherbrooke, Canada, 2012. 84 Megid W A, Khayat K H. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2018, 93, 75. 85 Baker P H, Tattersall G H. Magazine of Concrete Research, 1988, 40(143), 79. 86 Koch J A, Castaneda D I, Ewoldt R H, et al. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 115, 31. 87 Teranishi K, Tanigawa Y, Mori H, et al. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 1995, 60(467), 1. 88 Fu Z. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 1996(3), 1 (in Chinese). 傅智. 公路交通科技, 1996(3), 1. 89 Tattersall G H, Baker P H. Magazine of Concrete Research, 1988, 143(40), 79. 90 Saito T, Fujikura Y, Hashimoto S I, et al. International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, 2015, 3(4), 291. 91 Li Z G, Cao G D. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 120, 217. 92 Li X T, Gao Z R, Zhang S J, et al. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 2020, 27, 367. 93 ACI Committee 309. Report on behavior of fresh concrete during vibration, Electronic Materials Journal, USA, 2008, pp. 1. 94 Zhang J Y, Gao X J, Su Y. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2019, 31(7), 04019128. 95 Zhang Y D, Zhang J B, Zhao Y M, et al. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 395, 125129. 96 Jin Y, Pan J Z, Zhong L, et al. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2023, 42(11), 3866 (in Chinese). 金阳, 潘俊铮, 仲亮, 等. 硅酸盐通报, 2023, 42(11), 3866. 97 Zhan X B, He Y, Shen B J, et al. Chemical Engineering Science, 2018, 185, 76. 98 Tian Z H, Ma Y S, Li J J. Journal of Building Materials, 2024, 27(1), 46 (in Chinese). 田正宏, 马元山, 李佳杰. 建筑材料学报, 2024, 27(1), 46. 99 Kreijger P C. Materials and Structures, 1984, 17(100), 275. 100 Neves R, Branco F, Brito J D. Experimental Techniques, 2016, 40(3), 1109. 101 Jia L F, Shi C J, Cao Z, et al. Materials Reports, 2013, 27(21), 106 (in Chinese). 贾路风, 史才军, 曹张, 等. 材料导报, 2013, 27(21), 106. 102 Dang Y D, Ma X J, Dong C H, et al. Journal of Building Materials, 2019, 22(2), 260 (in Chinese). 党玉栋, 马晓杰, 董晨辉, 等. 建筑材料学报, 2019, 22(2), 260. 103 Savukaitis G, Daukys M, Juoiūnas S, et al. Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, 6, 102807. 104 Silva W, Lucena D S, Stemberk P, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 52, 202. 105 Libessart L, Djelal C, Caro P D. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 68, 391. 106 Jiang Q, Wang Q, Xu W. Concrete, 2023(6), 183 (in Chinese). 姜骞, 王强, 徐文. 混凝土, 2023(6), 183. 107 Spitz N, Coniglio N, Mansori M E, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 189, 560. 108 Unknown. Tunnel Construction, 2022, 42(4), 569 (in Chinese). 佚名. 隧道建设, 2022, 42(4), 569. 109 Wu D T. Preparation, performance and quality control study of high strength self-compacting fair-faced concrete. Master’s Thesis, Southeast University, China, 2017 (in Chinese). 吴德通. 高强自密实清水混凝土制备与性能及质量控制研究. 硕士学位论文, 东南大学, 2017. 110 Libessart L, Djelal C, Caro P D. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 68, 391. 111 Libessart L, Caro P D, Djelal C, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 76, 130. 112 Bouharoun S. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2014, 39, 2695. 113 León-Martínez F M, Abad-Zarate E F, Lagunez-Rivera L, et al. Materials and Structures, 2015, 49, 2731. 114 Pan Y F, Zhang Y L, Zhang D K, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 302(5), 124375. 115 Spitz N, Coniglio N, Libessart L, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 303(1), 124233. 116 Bouharoun S, Caro P D, Dubois I, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 47, 1137. 117 Spitz N, Coniglio N, Mansori M E, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 189, 560. 118 Caro P D, Djelal C, Libessart L, et al. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2007, 59(2), 141. 119 Djelal C, Caro P D, Libessart L, et al. Materials and Structures, 2008, 41, 571. 120 Libessart L, Djelal C, Caro P D, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 239, 117826.
渝公网安备50019002502923号 版权所有：《材料导报》编辑部
2025, Vol. 39 
