Abstract: Electrospinning technology with the merits of scalable synthesis from various materials, flexible process control and low cost has become a most important method for the effective preparation of nanofiber materials. However, the diameters of conventional electrospinning fibers are generally distributed from 100 nm to 500 nm, which merely belong to nanoscale fibers, only when the diameters of fibers are below 50 nm, can the materials obtain a remarkable nanometer effect. However, it is hard to achieve the mass production of nanofibers below 50 nm with the exis-ting electrospinning technology, thus restricting its further development and application. Nano-cobweb fibers are a new type 2D mesh material accidentally obtained during the electrospinning process. which are supported by conventional electrospun fibers and have a hexagonal mesh structure similar to the spider webs and soap bubbles. Nano-cobweb fibers with the average diameter ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm, are one order of magnitude lower than that of the common electrospun fibers. Therefore, nano-cobweb fibers not only possess the general properties and functions of conventional electrospun nanofibers, but also exhibit the following characteristics: Ⅰ extremely fine diameter. Ⅱ high porosity and multi-scale pore size distribution. Ⅲ stable Steiner tree mesh structure. Ⅳ controllable coverage rate. As a result, the unique structure and properties of nano-cobweb fibers have become a research focus in recent years. Currently, researchers have successfully prepared a series of nano-cobweb fibers via utilizing polyamide 6 (PA6), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinil alcohol (PAV), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyurethane (PU), chitosan (CS) and lecithin, etc as templates, and proposed four nano-cobweb fibers forming mechanisms, including ion-induced fiber splitting, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, secondary jet winding and charged droplets phase separation. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the subtle structure regulation of nano-cobwebs are rather complicated and their morphology are highly dependent upon the solution ontology (concentration, conductivity, surface tension, solvent), spinning parameters (applied voltage, tip-to-collector distance) and ambient factors (temperature, relative humidity), thus result in the formation of the cobwebs in actual spinning process that still exist occasionality. On the other hand, there is yet no clear and uniform mechanism theory on the formation of nano-cobweb structure. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively summarize and analyze the nano-cobweb fibers materials in order to promote their controllable construction and further development. In this review, the fundamental characteristics of nano-cobweb fibers are illustrated and their four predominant formation and evolution mechanisms are discussed as well. The effects of original liquid properties, processing parameters and enviro nmental conditions on their morphological structure are systematically elaborated. In addition, the applications of nano-cobweb fibers in the fields of filtration, sensors, tissue engineering and high-performance protective clothing are introduced. Finally, the future research prospectsare are put forward.
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2019, Vol. 33 
