Advances in Near-infrared Light Responsive Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems
LIANG Xuhua1, FAN Jun2, ZHAO Yanyan1,2, WANG Yongbo2, CHENG Min1, PAN Tingting1
1.College of Biology Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000; 2.School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069
Abstract: The nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDS) are able to transport drug of the therapeutic dose to the lesions in a controllable manner, and realize the precise release of the drug in spatiotemporal level, which feature high utilization ratio of drug, less side-effects to normal tissues and so forth. Hence, NDDS has provided a novel strategy for the precise treatment of diverse serious diseases, especially tumors. The ideal NDDS should be equipped with high drug-loading, low drug leakage, strong targetability and controllable drug release. In recent years, NDDS capable of generating rapid response to small stimuli (such as light, pH, redox, enzyme, temperature, etc.) in the external environment and realizing the controllable release of drugs have attracted tremendous interests at home and abroad. Compared with internal stimuli, light is an ideal external stimulus, which does not require any changes in the internal environment. Photo stimulus can achieve rapid release of drugs in the lesion by adjusting the light wavelength, intensity, irradiation time and so forth, realizing the precise control of treatment timing and location in a non-invasive, highly efficient and clean manner. Consequently, the photo stimulus responsive NDDS shows great application value and broad development prospect in biomedical field. A large amount of light-responsive NDDS release their entrapped drugs under excitation by UV or visible light. However, suffered from intense scattering and absorption by hemoglobin and water, the UV-vis light presents poor tissue penetration ability, and a certain light damage to the cell, which blocks its in vivo applications. In contrast, near-infrared (NIR) light exhibits great tissue penetration depth and less damage to the cells and tissues, hence it has become a focus in the field of stimulus responsive NDDS. Besides, satisfactory photosensitive carriers and groups are the premise of achieving effective drug delivery and controlled release, thus the different responsive mechanisms of photo stimulus responsive NDDS have become another research focus. As an ideal light source, NIR light possesses favorable biocompatibility and tissue penetration. Nevertheless, the energy of single NIR light is not strong enough to induce photo-responsive reaction. Recently, considerable studies have reported that the two-photon excitation technology with pulsed NIR as the excitation light source, exhibit strong tissue penetration ability and less phototoxicity while obtaining local immediate and effective energy. It can effectively overcome the problem of poor tissue penetration when drug release is triggered by conventional methods (ultra-violet or visible light is used). Besides, a series of reports show that upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are able to absorb NIR light and convert it into UV-vis emission by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Such promising optical property of UCNPs has been widely explored for bioimaging owing to its greatly improved tissue penetration depth, excellent photo stability, and minimal autofluorescence background. The drug release mechanism of photo stimulus response NDDS is derived from photosensitive groups. Before and after the response to the specific stimulus, the composition or conformational of photosensitive groups will be changed, damaging the original balance of the delivery systems and releasing the drug from the delivery systems. In recent years, photo stimulus responsive NDDS based on different photo-responsive mechanisms including photothermal, photodynamic therapy, photoisomerization, photo-induced rearrangement and photodegradation, have been designed and developed for precise photo-controlled release of drugs, and fruitful results have been achieved. In this article, we review five NIR light response stimulus responsive NDDS and their different photo-responsive mechanisms. The research progress of photo-controlled drug delivery systems based on different photo-responsive mechanisms are introduced in detail. Additionally, the existing problems and the future research perspectives of photo-controlled drug delivery systems are proposed.
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2019, Vol. 33 
