Research Progress on Electrical Contact Performance of Metal Contacts
WANG Saibei1,2,3, PENG Mingjun1, SUN Yong1, XIE Ming2, WANG Song3, DUAN Yonghua1, CHEN Song3, LIU Manmen3, YANG Youcai3
1 Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals, Sino-Platinum Metals Co. Ltd., Kunming 650106, China 3 Kunming Institute of Precious Metals, Kunming 650106, China
Abstract: In everyday life, all electricity transmission and distribution, most control systems, and most information interchanges depend upon the electrical contact to achieve current transport. The electrical contact components affect and even govern quality, performance, service life and technical level of the whole circuit system. The electrical contact component failure will cause a series of serious effects, such as lights are fail to be lighted, and power system cannot supply electricity normally, which will paralyze the traffic and life of a metropolis. Therefore, since electrical contact formed an independent discipline in the 1950s, electrical contact performance has attracted increasingly interest in related fields due to its importance. The generation, persistence and elimination of electrical contact are complex physical and chemical processes, which is the result of the inte-ractions of force, heat, electricity, magnetism and metallurgy effects. The complexity of electrical contact makes people lack deep and thorough understanding of many electrical contact phenomena, the process nature and action mechanism, which needs further exploration. Meanwhile, with the development of society and technology, novel materials (carbon nanotubes and graphene materials with the contact resistance), new usage requirements (the increasing precision and validity of dynamic contact resistance measurement in the field of ultra-high voltage power transmission) and new service conditions and application environment (the wheel-rail contact resistance in China’s high-speed rail system) are constantly emerging. These new challenges to the electrical contact properties make it urgent to further deepen the related research in depth and expand the scope at the same time. Recently, many developments have been made in different aspects of electrical contact performance. In the aspect of contact resistance, some new calculation methods are introduced to improve and optimize the mathematical model. In the field of medium and high voltage electricity, the measurement method and calculation model of dynamic contact resistance of high voltage circuit breakers have been continuously improved. Besides, to obtain more accurate dynamic contact resistances, more in-depth investigations on various influencing factors were carried out. Meanwhile, the evaluation and prediction of equipment condition by using dynamic contact resistance were preliminarily explored. As for material transfer, with the development of micro-electro-mechanical systems, different material transfer mechanisms at micro and smaller scales have been found by using some new methods, new equipment and new models, which are different from the traditional ones. To replace the "universal contact" silver cadmium oxide in the field of low-voltage electrical appliances, and to improve the performance of copper-based electrical contact materials in the field of high-voltage and vacuum electrical appliances, many new materials have been developed by alloying and compounding, therefore, the investigations of electrical erosion performance is mainly centered on these new materials. It is found that MAX phase, a new machinable ceramic material, is a promising strengthening phase to improve arc erosion for both silver-based and copper-based electrical contact materials. In addition, the resistance to electrical erosion can be improved by reducing the particle size of reinforced phase. In this work, the developments of electrical contact performances in recent years are summarized. The research status of electrical contact performances at home and abroad are detailed from contact resistance, material transfer and electrical erosion. Finally, the future research trends and hot spots of electrical contact performances are prospected.
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2020, Vol. 34 
