Progress of Superhydrophilic-Superoleophobic Materials for Oil-Water Separation
GAO Feng1, WANG Huicai2, XU Zheng2, REN Ruili2
1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China 2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
Abstract: Due to the rapid development of industry and the frequent occurrence of ocean oil spill accidents, the treatment of oily waste water is a hot issue today. Therefore, there is an urgent need to prepare an efficient, low-cost, reusable high-performance oil-water separation materials. Recently, inspired by the self-cleaning of lotus leaf, super-oil-resistance of fish scales, superhydrophobic of roses, researchers have developed a large number of superoleophilic-superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic-underwater superoleophobic oil-water separation materials. However, these materials have the following disadvantages: (ⅰ) due to the lipophilic nature of the material, the material pores are easily blocked by oil pollution, and the separation efficiency decreases rapidly; (ⅱ) the density of water is generally larger than that of oil, and additional energy is required for oil-water separation. Subsequently, through the in-depth study on the chemical composition and rough structure of the material surface, scholars developed a more advanced superhydrophilic-superoleophobic material, which has the advantages of anti-oil pollution, high flux, high efficiency and reusable in the treatment of oily wastewater. In addition, because of its hydrophilicity, oil-water separation can be completed only under the action of gravity, which has important practical significance. According to the surface energy principle, superoleophobic surfaces are often superhydrophobic, so it is difficult to synthesize superhydrophilic-superoleophobic materials. Early researchers thought that there were three theories to explain the formation of superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic surfaces: (ⅰ) the superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic surface is realized by the difference of surface wetting between polar and non-polar liquids; (ⅱ) the induction of water force surface molecular rearrangement; (ⅲ) it is considered that the oil droplets are largely blocked by the surface oleophobic component, and the smaller water droplets can penetrate the oleophobic layer to reach the hydrophilic region. The proposition of these three theories has accelerated the research process of superhydrophilic-superoleophobic surfaces, but has not formed a systematic theoretical system. In recent years, researchers have found that the surface energy of materials consists of polarity and dispersion force components, so they propose that the wettability of the material surface can be adjusted by controlling these two factors. The proposed system theory accelerates the development of superhydrophilic-superoleophobic materials and provides a theoretical basis for their future development and design. In this paper, the basic theory of superwetting and the mechanism of oil/water separation are introduced. Then, we review four theories of superhydrophilic-superoleophobic material preparation. Moreover, we summarize the characteristics of superhydrophilic-superoleophobic materials and their application in oil-water separation in recent years. Finally, according to the problems in this field, solutions are proposed and the future development direction is prospected.
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2020, Vol. 34 
