铝/钢异种材料钎焊研究现状与发展趋势

doi:10.11896/cldb.18090281

材料导报

2019, Vol. 33

Issue (21): 3533-3540 https://doi.org/10.11896/cldb.18090281

材料与可持续发展（二）――材料绿色制造与加工^*

铝/钢异种材料钎焊研究现状与发展趋势

吴杰, 薛松柏, 费文潘, 韩翼龙, 张鹏

南京航空航天大学材料科学与技术学院,南京 211106

Present Status and Development Trend for Brazing Aluminum to Steel

WU Jie, XUE Songbai, FEI Wenpan, HAN Yilong, ZHANG Peng

College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106

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摘要 “低碳环保,节能减排”已经成为国家实现可持续发展的重要环节,而如何实现汽车轻量化、减少温室气体的排放则成为汽车行业的前沿课题。采用高强度铝合金材料部分代替结构钢,是减轻汽车质量的一种有效途径,而铝合金与钢之间焊接接头的质量是衡量铝/钢结构可靠性的重要指标。实现铝合金与钢之间可靠连接的主要难点是两种材料的物理化学性能差异很大,常温下两者几乎不互溶,且容易发生反应生成Fe-Al脆性金属间化合物,严重影响铝/钢焊接接头的质量。而铝合金与钢的钎焊可通过调节钎料成分或改变焊接工艺等方法来控制接头脆性金属间化合物的形成,近年来受到了国内外学者的广泛关注并取得了突破性进展。
目前,铝/钢钎焊的研究主要集中在钎焊材料改性和钎焊工艺优化两个方面。钎剂的改性就是向Nocolok钎剂中加入活性剂,增强钎剂对铝合金和不锈钢两种材料表面氧化膜的同时去除作用,改善钎料在母材上的润湿性;钎料的改性主要是通过微合金化的方法向钎料中添加微量的合金元素,通过改变钎料的化学成分来改善钎料基体的组织和性能,近年来取得了大量的研究成果并在工业生产中得到广泛应用,如添加Cu、Ag等元素均可以显著改善钎料的力学性能和可靠性。在钎焊工艺方面,钎焊温度和保温时间直接影响钎料的填缝和钎料与母材的相互作用,并决定钎焊接头的质量。除此之外,在不锈钢表面预镀一层中间相也是相关学者研究的重点课题,镀层金属可以限制Fe原子与钎料中Al原子的相互扩散,降低界面脆性金属间化合物层的厚度,从而提高钎焊接头的力学性能。
本文综合评述了铝与钢异种材料钎焊的研究进展。首先介绍了铝合金与钢常用的几种钎焊方法,以及每种钎焊方法各自的特点和应用范围;然后综述了钎焊材料的改性及钎焊工艺的优化对铝/钢钎焊接头性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行了分析;最后整理了目前铝/钢异种金属钎焊存在的问题及相应的解决措施,并对其未来的研究和发展趋势进行了展望,以期为铝/钢连接技术的发展以及最终在汽车行业的广泛应用提供有益的参考。

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关键词: 铝/钢钎焊钎料工艺显微组织力学性能

Abstract: Under the drive of energy saving and emission reduction, increasingly importance has been placed on high-strength aluminum alloy to partly replace steel to meet the light-weighting requirement of automobile. However, the reliability of aluminum/steel joint is always an unnegligible issue due to the significant difference of their physicochemical properties. And the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds gives a degradation of mechanical performance. As a non-melt welding process with a lower heat input, brazing is seen as an excellent method to provide reliable joint between aluminum and steel, which has attracted much attention in the past decades.
So far, researches on brazing of aluminum and steel has been concentrated in brazing filler metals modification and process optimization. With respect to brazing filler metals, enhancing flux to remove oxide film of aluminum and steel simultaneously during brazing process seems to be a critical topic for the design of Nocolok flux and it has been proved that the properties of aluminum/steel joint could be improved by micro-alloying in Al-Si and Zn-Al systems filler metal, such as Cu, Ag and rare earth elements. In terms of the brazing process, brazing temperature and holding time play an important role in the quality of braze joints. Besides, the coating on surface of steel acts as a diffusion barrier to Fe and Al elements, which impedes the formation of brittle intermetallic compound.
In this paper, the present research status of brazing joint of aluminum-steel is reviewed systematically. First of all, the characteristics and application of several common brazing methods for aluminum-steel is introduced. Then the investigations on the effect of doping brazing materials and optimizing brazing process on the properties of aluminum-steel joints are reviewed and the strengthening mechanism is analyzed. Moreover, limitations and solutions of brazing for aluminum-steel are summarized and the development trends are prospected, which provide the beneficial reference for the development of joining technology of aluminum-steel in automobile industry.

Key words: aluminum/steel brazing filler metal technology microstructure mechanical property

出版日期: 2019-11-10 发布日期: 2019-09-12

ZTFLH:

TG425

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金(51375233)

作者简介: 吴杰,2017年毕业于南京航空航天大学,获得工学学士学位。现为南京航空航天大学材料科学与技术学院硕士研究生,在薛松柏教授的指导下进行研究。目前主要研究领域为先进连接技术。
薛松柏,南京航空航天大学材料科学与技术学院二级教授、研究员、博士研究生导师。长期以来专注于焊接材料及焊接工艺的研究,制定五项国家标准、五项机械工业部行业标准并发布实施;主持完成了30多项国家、部、市课题的研究,共取得主要科研成果30余项。获得2016年国家科技进步奖二等奖、2014年教育部技术发明二等奖、国防科技进步奖三等奖、江苏省科技进步三等奖等。

引用本文:

吴杰, 薛松柏, 费文潘, 韩翼龙, 张鹏. 铝/钢异种材料钎焊研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(21): 3533-3540.
WU Jie, XUE Songbai, FEI Wenpan, HAN Yilong, ZHANG Peng. Present Status and Development Trend for Brazing Aluminum to Steel. Materials Reports, 2019, 33(21): 3533-3540.

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http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/10.11896/cldb.18090281 或 http://www.mater-rep.com/CN/Y2019/V33/I21/3533

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