Research Status of the Selective Laser Melting Fabrication of Copper Alloys
LIU Bin1,†, SUO Chao1,†, LI Zhonghua2,*, KUAI Zezhou1, CHEN Yanlei1, TANG Xiu2
1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Abstract: Copper alloys that exhibit strong electrical and thermal conductivity form the basic materials for several industries. The rapid development of high-technology has led to an increasing demand for high-performance, high-precision, complex-structure copper alloy parts in many industries. The preparation of complex-structure copper alloy parts via traditional processes is challenging. This paper presents a review of the research progress of selective laser melting (SLM) of copper and copper alloys. First, the difficulties encountered in SLM of pure copper and the respective solutions are systematically introduced. Second, the current research status of copper alloy SLM in various areas is reviewed, focusing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the formed parts and the changes in microstructure and mechanical properties after heat treatment. Finally, the current problems and future research directions of copper and copper alloy SLM are summarized.
刘斌, 索超, 李忠华, 蒯泽宙, 陈彦磊, 唐秀. 选区激光熔化成形铜合金研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2024, 38(7): 22080129-11.
LIU Bin, SUO Chao, LI Zhonghua, KUAI Zezhou, CHEN Yanlei, TANG Xiu. Research Status of the Selective Laser Melting Fabrication of Copper Alloys. Materials Reports, 2024, 38(7): 22080129-11.
1 Shrinivas M R, Shamanth V, Hemanth K, et al. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022, 54, 228. 2 3trpd, 3t success with pure copper amproduction. www. 3trpd. co. uk/. 3 engineering. com, 3D-Printed Rocket Engines & The Future of Spaceflight. https://new.engineering.com/story/. 4 3D hubs, Cnc machining in Copper. https://www.3dhubs.com/cnc-machining/metal/copper/. 5 3D Inductors Reduction of production costs. GH Patent. https://www.ghinduction.com/solution/3d-inductors/. 6 Tian Q. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 1798(1), 012045. 7 Sefene E M. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 2022, 63, 250. 8 Li S, Snyder K, Akhanda M S, et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 195, 123181. 9 Silbernagel C, Gargalis L, Ashcroft I, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, 29, 100831. 10 Kyomuhimbo H D, Feleni U. Electroanalysis, 2023, 35, 202100636. 11 El-wardany T I, She Y, Jagdale V N, et al. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 2018, 140(2), 020907. 12 Yan S P, Zhang A F, Liang S D, et al. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017(17), 97 (in Chinese). 严深平, 张安峰, 梁少端, 等. 航空制造技术, 2017(17), 97. 13 Zhou Y, Chen K Y, Wen S F, et al. Applied laser, 2019, 39(3), 387 (in Chinese). 周燕, 陈柯宇, 文世峰, 等. 应用激光, 2019, 39(3), 387. 14 Ramos Grez J A, Bourell D L. In: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings: Process Development Modeling Applications, Materials. Austin, 2004, pp. 203. 15 Saprykin A A, Ibragimov E A, Babakova E V. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, 142, 012061. 16 Lykov P A, Safonov E V, Akhmedianov A M. Materials Science Forum, 2016, 843, 284. 17 Guan J, Zhang X, Jiang Y, et al. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2019, 25(8), 1388. 18 Ikeshoji T T, Nakamura K, Yonehara M, et al. JOM, 2017, 70(3), 396. 19 Imai K, Ikeshoji T T, Sugitani Y, et al. Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2020, 7(2), 19. 20 Colopi M, Caprio L, Demir A G, et al. Procedia CIRP, 2018, 74, 59. 21 Colopi M, Demir A G, Caprio L, et al. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 104(5-8), 2473. 22 Jadhav S D, Dadbakhsh S, Goossens L, et al. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2019, 270, 47. 23 Zhang X G, Li Z Y, Liu Y, et al. Laser Techonlogy, 2017, 41(6), 852 (in Chinese). 张晓刚, 李宗义, 刘艳, 等. 激光技术, 2017, 41(6), 852. 24 Zhang X G. The experiment research of selective laser melting of pure copper. Master’s Thesis, Lanzhou University of Technology, China, 2017 (in Chinese). 张晓刚. 纯铜粉末激光选区熔化成形工艺研究. 硕士学位论文, 兰州理工大学, 2017. 25 Constantin L, Wu Z, Li N, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 35, 101268. 26 Huang J, Yan X, Chang C, et al. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, 395, 125936. 27 Yan X, Chang C, Dong D, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 789, 139615. 28 Ma Z X, Ning J, Yu B, et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2021, 72, 419. 29 Lingqin X, Guang C, Luyu Z, et al. Materials Research Express, 2020, 7(10), 106509. 30 Dai D, Gu L. Materials & Design, 2014, 55, 482. 31 Sergei S, Paver L, Rustam B, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2016, 494, 499. 32 Jadhav S D, Dadbakhsh S, Vleugels J, et al. Materials (Basel), 2019, 12(15), 2469. 33 Corona D, Beatrici M, Sbardella E, et al. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2021, 2416(1), 020007. 34 Li Z H, Shen J B, Li H Y, et al. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(3), 0315001 (in Chinese). 黎振华, 申继标, 李淮阳, 等. 中国激光, 2021, 48(3), 0315001. 35 Shen J B. Study on laser absorptivity and selective laser melting forming of copper and copper alloy powder. Master’s Thesis, Kunming University of Science and Technology, China, 2021 (in Chinese). 申继标. 铜及铜合金粉末的激光吸收率及其选区激光熔化成形研究. 硕士学位论文, 昆明理工大学, 2021. 36 Jadhav S D, Vleugels J, Kruth J P, et al. Material Design & Processing Communications, 2019, 2(2), e94. 37 Yang P, Guo X, He D, et al. Metals, 2021, 11(12), 1883. 38 Bastian G, Peter R, Bernd J, et al. Laser Sources and Applications II, 2014, 9135, 31. 39 Masuno S I, Tsukamoto M, Tojo K, et al. In: International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics. Atlanta, 2017, pp. 130. 40 Suwa M, Wakabayashi N, Hiroki T, et al. High-Power Diode Laser Technology XVII. 2019, 10900, 29. 41 Shibata T, Tsukamoto M, Sato Y, et al. Laser 3D Manufacturing VI, 2019, 10909, 165. 42 Green laser: 3D printing of copper and other precious metals. https://www. trumpf. cn/en_CN/products/ machines-systems/additive-production-systems/truprint-serie-1000-green-edition/ 43 Trumpf demonstrates additive manufacturing with copper and gold. https://www. industrial-lasers. com/additive-manufacturing/article/16484561/trumpf-demonstrates-additive-manufacturing-with-copper-and-gold/ 44 Caris J, Li D, Stephens J J, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2010, 527(3), 769. 45 Rhu J C, Kim S S, Han S Z, et al. Scripta Materialia, 1999, 42(1), 83. 46 Hermann P, Morris D G. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1994, 25(7), 1403. 47 Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 199, 54. 48 Zhang G, Chen C, Wang X, et al. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2018, 96(9), 4223. 49 Zhang G, Liu S, Chen C, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 763, 138132. 50 Wang J, Zhou X L, Li J, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 31, 100921. 51 Wang J, Zhou X, Li J. Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 37, 101599. 52 Zhao C, Wang Z, Li D, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(6), 13097. 53 Zhao C, Wang Z, Li D, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 830, 154603. 54 Zhao C. Preparation and fundamental research of the Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy with high strength and ductility. Ph. D. Thesis, South China University of Technology, China, 2020 (in Chinese). 赵超. 高强韧Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金的制备及相关基础研究. 博士学位论文, 华南理工大学, 2020. 55 Zhao C, Wang Z, Li D, et al. International Journal of Plasticity, 2021, 138, 102926. 56 Kim Y K, Park S H, Lee K A. Materials Characterization, 2020, 162, 110194. 57 Yang D H, Kim Y K, Park S H, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 875, 160050. 58 Kim H, Ahn J H, Han S Z, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 832, 155059. 59 Geng G, Wang D, Zhang W, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 776, 138979. 60 Ventura A P, Marvel C J, Pawlikowski G, et al. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2017, 48(12), 6070. 61 Ventura A P. Microstructural evolution and mechanical property development of selective laser melted copper alloys. Ph. D. Thesis, Lehigh University, USA, 2017. 62 Zhou Y, Zeng X, Yang Z, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 743, 258. 63 Zhou Y, Chen D, Duan L, et al. Journal of Laser Applications, 2020, 32(1), 012006. 64 Palousek D, Kocica M, Pantelejev L, et al. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2019, 25(2), 266. 65 Scudino S, Unterdörfer C, Prashanth K G, et al. Materials Letters, 2015, 156, 202. 66 Huang W, Chai L, Li Z, et al. Materials Characterization, 2016, 114, 204. 67 Mao Z F. Forming processing and properties of copper-tin alloy in selective laser melting. Ph. D. Thesis, Chongqing University, China, 2018 (in Chinese). 毛忠发. 铜锡合金的选择性激光熔化成形工艺及性能研究. 博士学位论文, 重庆大学, 2018. 68 Zhang X Y, Li X B, Tan Z, et al. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2018, 45(10), 119 (in Chinese). 张晓雅, 李现兵, 谈震, 等. 中国激光, 2018, 45(10), 119. 69 Zhang X Y. Study on microstructure and mechancial behavior of lattice structure copper alloy prepared by laser selective melting. Master’s Thesis, Beijing University of Technology, China, 2019 (in Chinese). 张晓雅. 激光选区熔化制备点阵结构铜合金组织结构和力学行为研究. 硕士学位论文, 北京工业大学, 2019. 70 Tan Z, Zhang X, Zhou Z, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 787, 903. 71 Wang M L. Forming processing and properties of Cu-10Sn alloy and 925Ag alloy in selective laser melting. Master’s Thesis, Guangdong University of Technology, China, 2020 (in Chinese). 王明浪. Cu-10Sn合金和925Ag合金选区激光熔化成形工艺和性能研究. 硕士学位论文, 广东工业大学, 2020. 72 Zeng C, Zhang B, Hemmasian E A, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 35, 101411. 73 Wang H, Guo L, Nie Z, et al. Processing 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 8(1), 13. 74 Mehta A, Zhou L, Hyer H, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2022, 838, 142775. 75 Mao Z, Zhang D Z, Wei P, et al. Materials (Basel), 2017, 10(4), 333. 76 Ventura A P, Wade C A, Pawlikowski G, et al. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2017, 48(1), 178. 77 Li X X, Wang Z J, He D Y, et al. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2021, 43(8), 1100 (in Chinese). 李小璇, 王曾洁, 贺定勇, 等. 工程科学学报, 2021, 43(8), 1100. 78 Li X X, Wang Z J, He D Y, et al. Nonferrous Metals (Extrctive), 2021(5), 92, 111(in Chinese). 李小璇, 王曾洁, 贺定勇, 等. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2021(5), 92. 79 Yang P, He D, Wang Z, et al. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2021, 28(1), 10. 80 Karthik G M, Sathiyamoorthi P, Zargaran A, et al. Materialia, 2020, 13, 100861. 81 Mao Z, Zhang D Z, Jiang J, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2018, 721, 125. 82 Yi L L, Mao Z F, Zhang Z W. Journal of Sichuan University (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 56(4), 689 (in Chinese). 易力力, 毛忠发, 张正文. 四川大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 56(4), 689. 83 Liu H, Duan D, Lin Q, et al. Ceramics International, 2022, 48(20), 30670. 84 Spierings A B, Leinenbach C, Kenel C, et al. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2015, 21(2), 130. 85 Gan J, Gao H, Wen S, et al. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2020, 87, 105144. 86 Ren C X, Wang Q, Hou J P, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 786, 139441. 87 Pérez-landazábal J I, Recarte V, Sánchez-alarcos V, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2006, 438, 734. 88 Gargarella P, Kiminami C S, Mazzer E M, et al. Materials Research, 2015, 18(suppl 2), 35. 89 Gustmann T, Dos S J M, Gargarella P, et al. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 2016, 3(1), 24. 90 Gustmann T, Neves A, Kühn U, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2016, 11, 23. 91 Gustmann T, Schwab H, Kühn U, et al. Materials & Design, 2018, 153, 129. 92 Tian J, Zhu W, Wei Q, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 785, 754. 93 Tian J, Wei Q S, Zhu W Z, et al. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2019, 46(3), 0302001 (in Chinese). 田健, 魏青松, 朱文志, 等. 中国激光, 2019, 46(3), 0302001. 94 Zhu W Z, Dang M Z, Tian J, et al. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(15), 53 (in Chinese). 朱文志, 党明珠, 田健, 等. 机械工程学报, 2020, 56(15), 53. 95 Niedbalski S, Duran A, Walczak M, et al. Materials (Basel), 2019, 12(5), 794. 96 Gera D, Santos J, Kiminami C S, et al. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2020, 30(12), 3322. 97 Barik R C, Wharton J A, Wood R J K, et al. Wear, 2005, 259(1-6), 230. 98 Murray T, Thomas S, Wu Y, et al. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 33, 101122. 99 Cui B. Preparation of Cu6AlNiSnInCe imitative gold powder and its for-ming experiment in Selective Laser Melting. Master’s Thesis, South China University of Technology, China, 2019 (in Chinese). 崔波. Cu6A1NiSnInCe仿金粉末的装备及其SLM成形试验研究. 硕士学位论文, 华南理工大学, 2019. 100 Yang C, Zhao Y J, Kang L M, et al. Materials Letters, 2018, 210, 169. 101 Zhang S, Zhu H, Hu Z, et al. Powder Technology, 2019, 342, 613. 102 Zhuo L, Song B, Li R, et al. Optics & Laser Technology, 2020, 127, 106164. 103 Correia J B, Davies H A, Sellars C M. Acta Materialia, 1997, 45(1), 177. 104 Jadhav S D, Dadbakhsh S, Chen R, et al. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2019, 22(2), 1900946. 105 Zhang S, Zhu H, Zhang L, et al. Materials Letters, 2019, 237, 306. 106 Shen J, Li Z, Li H, et al. Materials Letters, 2022, 308, 131141. 107 Uchida S, Kimura T, Nakamoto T, et al. Materials & Design, 2019, 175, 107815. 108 Chen Y, Ren S, Zhao Y, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 786, 189. 109 Guan P, Chen X, Liu P, et al. Materials Research Express, 2019, 6(11), 1165c1. 110 Jahns K, Bappert R, Böhlke P, et al. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020, 107(5-6), 2151. 111 Ma Z, Zhang D Z, Liu F, et al. Materials & Design, 2020, 187, 108406. 112 Ma Z, Zhang K, Ren Z, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 828, 154350. 113 Sun F, Liu P, Chen X, et al. Materials (Basel), 2020, 13(21), 5028. 114 Bai Y, Zhao C, Zhang Y, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2021, 819, 141528. 115 Salvan C, Briottet L, Baffie T, et al. Materials Science and Enginee-ring: A, 2021, 826, 141915. 116 Ren Z, Zhang D Z, Fu G, et al. Materials & Design, 2021, 207, 109857. 117 Hu Z, Du Z, Yang Z, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2022, 836, 142740. 118 Zeng C, Wen H, Bernard B C, et al. Metals and Materials International, 2021, 28(1), 168. 119 Popovich A, Sufiiarov V, Polozov I, et al. Materials Letters, 2016, 179, 38. 120 Zhang D, Liu Z, Chua C. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Research in Virtual and Rapid Prototyping. Leiria, Portugal, 2013, pp. 285. 121 Seltzman A H, Wukitch S J. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2020, 160, 111801. 122 Seltzman A H, Wukitch S J. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2020, 159, 111726.