Abstract: The basic mechanisms of rare earth elements additions in magnesium alloys were reviewed, including the solid solution strengthening, grain refinement and long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase. A brief overview of the available rare earth elements was given, along with a summary of the type, the special mechanism, chemical or physical effects and other unique properties achieved by previous researches on the rare earth element additions on magnesium alloys. Finally, certain challenging problems that the research faced and future expectations of Mg-RE alloys were stated and discussed.
1 Kainer K U, Kaiser F. Magnesium alloys and technology[M]. Germany:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde, Wiley-VCH, 2003. 2 Dowling, Norman E. Mechanical behavior of materials[M]. Japan: Society of Materials Science, 1972. 3 Zhang D F, Xia S, Pan F S, et al. Research status of effect of rare earth element on mechanical properties of magnesium alloys[J]. J Funct Mater, 2014,45(5):05001(in Chinese). 4 Goh C S, Wei J, Lee L C, et al. Properties and deformation beha-vior of Mg-Y2O3 nanocomposites[J]. Acta Mater, 2007,55(15):5115. 5 Zhang J, Tang D, Zhang H, et al. Effect and application of rare earth element in magnesium alloys[J]. Chin J Rare Met, 2008,32(5):659(in Chinese). 6 Zheng X, Dong J, Yin D, et al. Forge ability and die-forging for-ming of direct chill casting Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2010, 527(16-17): 3690. 7 Rashad M, Pan F, Asif M, et al. Enhanced ductility of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy reinforced with short length multi-walled carbon nanotubes using a powder metallurgy method[J]. Prog Nat Sci, 2015,25(4):276. 8 Freeney T A, Mishra R S. Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of a cast-magnesium-rare earth alloy[J]. Metall Mater Trans A, 2010,41(1):73. 9 Loke W H, Ibrahim R, Lathabai S. Improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of a cast Mg-9al-1zn alloy using friction stir processing[J]. Heat Treat Met, 2016, 838-839(7): 214. 10Mostaed E, Fabrizi A, Dellasega D, et al. Microstructure, mechanical behavior and low temperature superplasticity of ECAP processed ZM21 Mg alloy[J]. J Alloys Compd, 2015,638:267. 11Sun J, Chang-Jin L I, Liu Y Q, et al. Thermo-mechanical treatment of Mg-8%Al-2%Ga magnesium alloy[J]. Foundry, 2014,23(4):1(in Chinese). 12Peng Y, Cammarata R C, Falk M L. Atomistic simulation of solid solution hardening in Mg/Al alloys: Examination of composition scaling and thermo-mechanical relationships[J]. Acta Mater, 2016,105:378. 13Wu B L, Chen B, Wang C W, et al. Corrosion behavior of a novel Mg-13Li-X alloy with different grain sizes by rapid solidification rate[J]. Rare Met, 2015, 7:1. 14Yang Q, Jiang B, Jiang W, et al. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Mn-Ce alloys under hot extrusion[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2015,628:143. 15Yu W B, Liu Z, Cheng N, et al. Research and development of wrought magnesium alloy containing rare earth elements[J]. Mater Rev, 2006,20(11):65(in Chinese). 16Zucchi F, Grassi V, Frignani A, et al. Electrochemical behavior of a magnesium alloy containing rare earth elements[J]. J Appl Electrochem, 2006,36(2):195. 17Bae D H, Kim Y, Kim I J. Thermally stable quasicrystalline phase in a superplastic Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy[J]. Mater Lett, 2006, 60(17-18): 2190. 18Tang W N, Chen R S, Han E H. Superplastic behaviors of a Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy processed by extrusion and equal channel angular extrusion[J]. J Alloys Compd, 2009, 477(1-2): 636. 19Xu C, Zheng M Y, Xu S W, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy sheets processed by combined processes of extrusion, hot rolling and ageing[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2013, 559(3): 844. 20Wu A R, Xia C Q. Study of the microstructure and mechanical pro-perties of Mg-rare earth alloys[J]. Mater Des, 2007,28(6):1963. 21Gao L, Chen R S, Han E H. Effects of rare-earth elements Gd and Y on the solid solution strengthening of Mg alloys[J]. J Alloys Compd, 2009, 481(1-2): 379. 22Xu K D, Ren Z M, Li C J. Progress in application of rare metals in superalloys[J]. Rare Met, 2014,58(2):111. 23Zucchi F, Grassi V, Frignani A, et al. Electrochemical behavior of a magnesium alloy containing rare earth elements[J]. J Appl Electrochem, 2006,36(2):195. 24Quan G Z, Shi Y, Wang Y X, et al. Constitutive modeling for the dynamic recrystallization evolution of AZ80 magnesium alloy based on stress-strain data[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2011, 528(28):8051. 25Issa A A. Computational investigation of precipitates in Mg-RE alloys with applications to Mg-X systems[J]. Dissert Theses-Gradworks, 2014,23:45. 26Li T, Zhang H, He Y, et al. Microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro degradation behavior of a novel biodegradable Mg-1.5Zn-0.6Zr-0.2Sc alloy[J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2015,31(7):744. 27Li C G, Chen Minfang, Sun S Z, et al. Study on the corrosion behavior in vitro and mechanical properties of the FHA Coated Mg-Zn-Zr alloy[J]. Mater Sci Forum, 2016,849:647. 28Xiong J, Chen Z, Yi L, et al. Microstructure and mechanical pro-perties of annealed Mg-0.6wt%Zr sheets by unidirectional and cross rolling[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2014, 590(1): 60. 29Le Q C, Zhang Z W, Cui J Z, et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-2%Zn-0.4%RE alloys[J]. Trans Nonferr Met Soc China, 2010,20(2):325. 30Okuda H, Yamasaki M, Kawamura Y, et al. Nanoclusters first: A hierarchical phase transformation in a novel Mg alloy[J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 10. 31Hagihara K, Kinoshita A, Sugino Y, et al. Effect of long-period stacking ordered phase on mechanical properties of Mg97Zn1Y2 extruded alloy[J]. Acta Mater, 2010,58(19):6282. 32Hagihara K, Kinoshita A, Fukusumi Y, et al. High-temperature compressive deformation behavior of Mg97Zn1Y2 extruded alloy containing a long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2013, 560(1): 71. 33Matsuda M, Ii S, Kawamura Y. Variation of long-period stacking order structures in rapidly solidified Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2005, 393(1):269. 34Zhu Y M, Morton A J, Nie J F. Growth and transformation mechanisms of 18R and 14H in Mg-Y-Zn alloys[J]. Acta Mater, 2012,60(19):6562. 35Xu C, Xu S W, Zheng M Y, et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of high-strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy sheets processed by severe hot rolling[J]. J Alloys Compd, 2012,524:46. 36Hagihara K, Yokotani N, Umakoshi Y. Plastic deformation beha-vior of Mg12YZn with 18R long-period stacking ordered structure[J]. Intermetallics, 2010,18(2):267. 37Deng H Y. 24R-type LPSO microstructure of the novel Mg-Y-Zn alloy[J]. J Atomic Mol Sci, 2013,4(1):64. 38Hort N, Huang Y. Intermetallics in magnesium alloys[J]. Adv Eng Mater, 2006,8(4):235. 39Yu S X, Lv Q Y, Han J, et al. Preparation and performance of rare earths chemical conversion film on magnesium alloy[J]. J Rare Earths, 2006, 24(z2): 397. 40Yu S X, Cao J Y, Chen L. Corrosion resistance, composition and structure of RE chemical conversion coating on magnesium alloy[J]. Trans Nonferr Met Soc China, 2008, 18(S1): 349. 41Ba Z, Wang Z, Dai Y, et al. Preparation and corrosion resistance of carbonate composite conversion film on magnesium alloy[J]. Heat Treat Met, 2014,34(10):21(in Chinese). 42Jiang W. Research process of magnesium alloy and application of rare-earth elements in magnesium alloy[J]. Res Met Mater, 2009,35(1):24(in Chinese). 43Lu F, Ma A, Jiang J, et al. Enhanced mechanical properties and rolling formability of fine-grained Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing[J]. J Alloy Compd, 2015,643:28. 44Li Y L, Wang W X, Zhou J, et al. Hot deformation behaviors and processing maps of B4C/Al6061 neutron absorber composites[J]. Mater Charact, 2017,124(11):107. 45Jin G, Du W, Li J, et al. Effects of gadolinium addition on high temperature mechanical properties of Mg-2Al-1Zn alloy[J]. J Chin Rare Earth Soc, 2007,23(5):21. 46Mirzadeh H. Quantification of the strengthening effect of rare earth elements during hot deformation of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy[J]. J Mater Res Technol, 2015,68(1):1. 47Alizadeh R, Mahmudi R, Langdon T G. Superplasticity of a fine-grained Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.4Zr alloy evaluated using shear punch testing[J]. J Mater Res Technol, 2014,3(3):228. 48Sarebanzadeh M, Roumina R, Mahmudi R, et al. Enhancement of superplasticity in a fine-grained Mg-3Gd-1Zn alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2015,646:249. 49Yang M, Liu Y H, Liu J A, et al. Corrosion and mechanical properties of AM50 magnesium alloy after being modified by 1 wt.% rare earth element gadolinium[J]. J Rare Earths, 2014,32(6):558. 50Shi L L, Huang Y, Yang L, et al. Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Gd-Ca-Zr alloys for medical applications[J]. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2015,47:38. 51Wang S D, Xu D K, Wang B J, et al. Effect of corrosion attack on the fatigue behavior of an as-cast Mg-7%Gd-5%Y-1%Nd-0.5%Zr alloy[J]. Mater Des, 2015, 84(3-4):185. 52Jono Y, Yamasaki M, Kawamura Y. Quantitative evaluation of creep strain distribution in an extruded Mg-Zn-Gd alloy of multimodal microstructure[J]. Acta Mater, 2015,82(82):198. 53Yang Q, Xiao B L, Ma Z Y, et al. Achieving high strain rate superplasticity in Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy produced by friction stir processing[J]. Scripta Mater, 2011,65(4):335. 54Luo Z A, Xie G M, Ma Z Y, et al. Effect of yttrium addition on microstructural characteristics and superplastic behavior of friction stir processed ZK60 alloy[J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2013,29(12):1116. 55Xie G M, Ma Z Y, Geng L. Effect of Y addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded ZK60 alloy[J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2009,25(3):351. 56Li J B, Wang F, Mao P L, et al. Evolution of microstructure and tensile properties of extruded Mg-4Zn-1Y alloy[J]. J Rare Earths, 2014,32(12):1189. 57Xie G M, Luo Z A, et al. Superplastic behavior of friction stir processed ZK60 magnesium alloy[J]. Instrum Experim Techn, 1993,30(1):339. 58Rosalie J M, Somekawa H, Singh A, et al. Effect of precipitation on strength and ductility in a Mg-Zn-Y alloy[J]. J Alloy Compd, 2013, 550(2): 114. 59Mallick A, Tun K S, Gupta M. Deformation behavior of Mg/Y2O3 nanocomposite at elevated temperatures[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2012,551:222. 60Mirza F A, Chen D L, Li D J, et al. Effect of rare earth elements on deformation behavior of an extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy during compression[J]. Mater Des, 2013,46(4):411. 61Wu A, Xia C, Dong L. Distributing, evolvement and effect on the mechanical properties of the rare-earth Ce, Y in ZK60 Alloys[J]. Rare Met Mater Eng, 2007,36(11):1955(in Chinese). 62Ai L, Yuan S, Kang Y, et al. Effects of rare-earth ce on microstructure of AZ91D alloy[J]. Rare Met Lett, 2006,10(2):67(in Chinese). 63Zhang D, Tian Z, Tang D, et al. Effect of Ce/La on microstructure and creep property of die-cast AZ91D alloys[J]. Chin J Rare Met, 2010,34(2):202(in Chinese). 64Daroonparvar M, Yajid M A M, Yusof N M, et al. Microstructural characterization and corrosion resistance evaluation of nanostructured Al and Al/AlCr coated Mg-Zn-Ce-La alloy[J]. J Alloy Compd, 2014,615(31):657. 65Willbold E, Gu X, Albert D, et al. Effect of the addition of low rare earth elements (lanthanum, neodymium, cerium) on the biodegradation and biocompatibility of magnesium[J]. Acta Biomater, 2014,11:554. 66Witte F. The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: A review[J]. Acta Biomater, 2010,6(5):1680. 67Liang C, Wang S, Huang N, et al. Effects of lanthanum and cerium mixed rare earth metal on abrasion and corrosion resistance of AM60 magnesium alloy[J]. Rare Met Mater Eng, 2015,44(3):521. 68Bi G L, Li Y D, Huang X F, et al. Effects of Zn addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-Dy alloy[J]. Chin J Nonferr Met, 2015,25(4):875(in Chinese). 69Zhang Z, Pan F, Chen X, et al. Research status of effect of rare earth element on microstructure and properties of ZK60 alloy[J]. Hot Work Technol, 2011,40(10):8(in Chinese). 70Bi G, Li Y, Huang X, et al. Deformation behavior of an extruded Mg-Dy-Zn alloy with long period stacking ordered phase[J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2015,622:52. 71Han J, Chen J, Peng L, et al. Influence of processing parameters on thermal field in Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy during friction stir processing[J]. Mater Des, 2016,94:186. 72Predel B. Mg-Pm (magnesium-promethium)[M]∥ Li-Mg-Nd-Zr. Berlin: Heidelberg Springer, 1997:1. 73Tselfes W, Papastaikoudis C, Papathanasopoulos K, et al. Phonon resistivity in Mg-Yb alloys[J]. Phys Rev B, 1981,24(24):3239. 74Tekumalla S, Seetharaman S, Almajid A, et al. Mechanical properties of magnesium-rare earth alloy systems: A review[J]. Metals, 2014,5(1):1. 75Mordike B L, Stulíková I, Smola B. Mechanisms of creep deformation in Mg-Sc-based alloys[J]. Metall Mater Trans A, 2005,36(7):1729. 76Fan C. Effect of rare earth in magnesium and magnesium alloys[J]. Mater Rev, 2005,32(7):17(in Chinese). 77Zhou T, Xia H, Yang M, et al. Investigation on microstructure characterizations and phase compositions of rapidly solidification/powder metallurgy Mg-6wt.% Zn-5wt.%Ce-1.5wt.%Ca alloy[J]. J Alloy Compd, 2011, 509(9): 145. 78Li X, Liu C, Al-Samman T. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-2Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy upon conventional and hydrostatic extrusion[J]. Mater Lett, 2011,65(11):1726. 79Miyahara Y, Emi N, Neishi K, et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of mg alloy after severe torsion straining process[J]. Mater Sci Forum, 2006,503:949. 80Nakamura K, Neishi K, Kaneko K, et al. Continuous grain refinement using severe torsion straining process[J]. Mater Sci Forum, 2006, 503(2): 385.
渝公网安备50019002502923号 版权所有：《材料导报》编辑部
2017, Vol. 31 
