北京故宫神厨屋面灰背和夹垄灰浆成分及微结构对比分析

doi:10.11896/cldb.24090214

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (15)

Download:

Full Text ( PDF ) (45747KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the greatest architectural projects in the history of human civilization. Its roofs comprise various kinds of lime-based mortar. Detecting the phase composition of the roofing lime mortar and the ratios between the different components using modern analytical approaches provides valuable insights and has practical significance for the repair of the ancient complex of the Forbidden City. Therefore, this work focuses on four kinds of lime mortar samples from the roofs of the Sacrificial Kitchen of the Forbidden City. The samples were analyzed using modern testing approaches, such as the polarizing microscope, acid corrosion, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyzer, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), to characterize the petrography, phase composition, microstructure, and pore structure of the lime mortar. The results showed that hubanhui, or the first layer of mortar covering roofing boards, consisted of pure lime, whereas nihui and qinghui, or the second and third layers of mortar, as well as jialonghui, or the mortar used to fill the gaps on both sides of tiles, were mixed with peat soil, clay, and iron oxide red. After acid corrosion, the masses of the remaining impurities accounted for 5%, 70%, 9%, and 21% of the four mortar samples, respectively. Through analysis, we identified the presence of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) in hubanhui, nihui, qinghui, and jialonghui. However, the quantitative analysis of XRD and TG-DSC shows that the content of C-S-H in the samples is very small. Carbonization gradually turned C-S-H into calcite, making it difficult to observe C-S-H through scanning electron microscopy. The process of traditional roofing bedding involves tapping, compaction, and plastering. The outer surface of the qinghui layer formed a smooth and dense protective layer after multiple compactions, and the jialonghui and nihui mortar became more solid after compaction or tapping.

Key words： Forbidden City complex roofing lime mortar phase composition microstructure

Published: 25 December 2025 Online: 2025-12-17

CLC number:

K879.1

	Service
	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	ZHAI Ziquan
	DUAN Hongying
	LYU Yinghui
	ZHANG Xiwen
	ZHAO Peng
	ZHANG Yunsheng

Cite this article:

ZHAI Ziquan,DUAN Hongying,LYU Yinghui, et al. Compositional and Microstructural Characterization of Historical Architectural Mortars:a Comparative Study of Gray Backing Layers and Ridge Components from the Divine Kitchen Roof System at the Palace Museum[J]. Materials Reports, 2025, 39(24): 24090214-10.

URL:

https://www.mater-rep.com/EN/10.11896/cldb.24090214 OR https://www.mater-rep.com/EN/Y2025/V39/I24/24090214

1 Ma Y M. Study on the tile work of the construction technique of the Qing Dynasty Official Style Building. Master’s Thesis, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China, 2022 (in Chinese).
马宇萌. 清官式建筑营造技艺瓦作研究. 硕士学位论文, 北京建筑大学, 2022.
2 Miriello D, Barca D, Pecci A, et al. Archaeometry, 2015, 57(1), 100.
3 Fan Z Q. Ancient Architecture Traditional Technology, 2018(1), 15 (in Chinese).
樊智强. 古建园林技术, 2018(1), 15.
4 Fonseca B S D, Pinto A P F, Silva D V, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 247, 118627.
5 Liu L Y, Zhang B J, Yang H, et al. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2018, 38(7), 2054 (in Chinese).
刘璐瑶, 张秉坚, 杨红, 等. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2018, 38(7), 2054.
6 Li T, Wang Q M, He K T, et al. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2024, 44(6), 1661 (in Chinese).
李婷, 王茜蔓, 贺康特, 等. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2024, 44(6), 1661.
7 Zhao P Q, Liang C, Sun C K. Materials Reports, 2019, 33(2), 644 (in Chinese).
赵丕琪, 梁辰, 孙传奎, 等. 材料导报, 2019, 33(2), 644.
8 Bakolas A, Biscontin G, Moropoulou A, et al. Thermochimica Acta, 1998, 321(1-2), 151.
9 Gleize P J P, Motta E V, Silva D A, et al. Cement and Concrete Compo-sites, 2009, 31(5), 342.
10 Santhanam K, Ramadoss R. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 339, 127619.
11 Moropoulou A, Bakolas A, Anagnostopoulou S. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2005, 27(2), 295.
12 Qi G D, Wang D M, Zhu Y H, et al. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2022, 50(8), 2163 (in Chinese).
齐国栋, 王栋民, 朱宇华, 等. 硅酸盐学报, 2022, 50(8), 2163.
13 Grilo J, Santos S A, Faria P, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 51, 287.
14 Borsoi G, Santos S A, Menezes P, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 204, 597.
15 Válek J, Van H E, Viani A, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 66, 771.
16 Lu Z, Wang S L, Wang W S, et al. Materials Reports, 2021, 35(3), 3033 (in Chinese).
卢喆, 王社良, 王善伟, 等. 材料导报, 2021, 35(3), 3033.
17 Sun T Q, Wei G F, Cheng B Z, et al. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2021, 41(6), 1949 (in Chinese).
孙天强, 魏国锋, 程保增, 等. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2021, 41(6), 1949.
18 Wang H, Zhang D, Chen Y W, et al. Journal of Building Materials, 2022, 25(10), 1055 (in Chinese).
王辉, 张典, 陈寅炜, 等. 建筑材料学报, 2022, 25(10), 1055.
19 Lai C L, Liu L P, Liu J H, et al. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2023, 51(11), 2890 (in Chinese).
赖创林, 刘乐平, 刘剑辉, 等. 硅酸盐学报, 2023, 51(11), 2890.
20 Liu J H, Zou M, Li K, et al. Materials Reports, 2023, 37(19), 92 (in Chinese).
刘娟红, 邹敏, 李康, 等. 材料导报, 2023, 37(19), 92.
21 Yu W Z. Study on mechanical properties and carbonation of calcium silicate hydrate at micro-and nanoscale scale. Ph. D. Thesis, Wuhan University, China, 2020 (in Chinese).
余文志. 水化硅酸钙力学性能及碳化的微纳米尺度研究. 博士学位论文, 武汉大学, 2020.
22 Zhu Z Y. Research on the micro-nano structure of calcium silicate hydrates and its modification by organics. Ph. D. Thesis, Tongji University, China, 2022 (in Chinese).
朱哲誉. 水化硅酸钙微纳结构与有机物改性研究. 博士学位论文, 同济大学, 2022.
23 Zhang D, Zhao J, Wang D, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 244, 118360.
24 Xu S Q, Wang L L, Ma Q L, et al. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeo-logy, 2017, 29(4), 1 (in Chinese).
徐树强, 王乐乐, 马清林, 等. 文物保护与考古科学, 2017, 29(4), 1.
25 Zhang D, Xu Z, Liu Q, et al. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2024, 338, 108836.
26 Rispoli C, Montesano G, Verde M, et al. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 411, 134408.
27 Medeghini L, Calzolari L, Botticelli M, et al. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2024, 148, 105484.
28 Wu L, Bao R, Dai J, et al. Materials Reports, 2024, 38(15), 177 (in Chinese).
吴浪, 鲍蓉, 戴健, 等. 材料导报, 2024, 38(15), 177.
29 Degloorkar N K, Pancharathi R K. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 341, 127776.