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Research Progress and Implication on Photocatalytic Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Nanomaterials
CHEN Long, LIU Zhaoli, YANG Xudong, ZHANG Ruohan, SUN Weiliang, LIU Wen
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22100084 -12. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22100084
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The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) has a huge impact on human health and socioeconomic development. Thus, inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 is a big concern for environmental public health and sanitary security. The virus will not be inactivated immediately after leave the host, leading to extended transmission routes. Water is an important medium for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, especially the urban domestic sewage and medical wastewater. The surface functional protein and nucleic acid (RNA) are the main components of SARS-CoV-2, which can be attacked and destroyed by reactive species such as oxidative radicals, leading to inactivation of virus. The photocatalysis technology using nanomaterials can efficiently produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation. Therefore, by the attack of ROS, the structural protein of virus can be destroyed, the RNA can be damaged to inhibit its biological development, or its binding process to the host can be blocked. In this study, the environmental distribution and transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are presented firstly. Then, the mechanisms of photocatalysis by using nanomaterials and its application on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation are illustrated. The research progress on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 through nanomaterial photocatalysis is comprehensively summarized, and the promising photocatalysts that can be used for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation are also proposed. This study can provide guidance for the development of photocatalytic nanomaterials for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, and has great significance for epidemic prevention and control, especially for cutting off the transmission route of virus in water.
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Research Advances in the Application of Nanoconfined Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Water Treatment
GUO Dongli, ZHAO Zhiyuan, YOU Shijie, LIU Yanbiao
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22050273 -7. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22050273
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Recently, nanoconfined catalysts have been extensively investigated toward advanced water treatment due to their unique structure and physicochemical attributes, through which the long-lasting challenges may get addressed like low catalytic activity and poor stability in conventional catalytic oxidation systems. To deepen the understanding on nanoconfined catalysts, herein, we systematically reviewed the research advances of nanoconfined catalysts in different advanced water treatment systems, summarized the unique “nanoconfinement effect” in water treatment processes and the desirable characteristics of various host materials, revealed the new catalytic oxidation mechanisms of nanoconfined catalysts in different advanced oxidation systems. Finally, existing challenges and future prospects of nanoconfined catalysis in advanced water treatment were presented.
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Fabrication and Water Purification Applications of MIL-53(Al)-based Functional Materials: a Review
SUN Xuezi, WANG Chongchen, LI Yuhang
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22070231 -9. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22070231
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This paper reviews the fabrication strategies, morphology regulations and application (fluorescence sensors, adsorbents and photocatalysts for detecting and eliminating pollutants from water) of MIL-53(Al), NH
2
-MIL-53(Al) and their composites. The fabrication approaches like hydro/solvothermal methods, microwave-assisted synthesis and homogeneous phase direct synthesis along with the reaction conditions are introduced. MIL-53(Al) and NH
2
-MIL-53(Al) show excellent performance in detecting pollutants in water, with the characteristics of fast response time and high sensitivity. MIL-53(Al) and NH
2
-MIL-53(Al) can achieve adsorptive removal toward pollutants in water due to their ‘respiratory effect’, large surface area and rich active sites. The performance of MIL-53(Al) in adsorption, advanced oxidation degradation, sensing detection can be improved by compositing with other functional materials. In a word, MIL-53(Al) and NH
2
-MIL-53(Al), as environment-friendly environmental functional materials, show great application potential in water purification field.
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Research Status of Environmental Foam Extinguishing Agent for Liquid Fire
QI Lei, JIAO Jinqing, XIONG Jing, LAI Kezhen, WEI Yuechang
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22040233 -7. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22040233
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Traditional aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has good extinguishing performance and is the best extinguishing agent for liquid fire extinguishing at present. However, its components involve perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and other substances that are difficult to decompose, which seriously harm the environment. With the improvement of environmental protection policies and regulations in various countries, it is the general trend that PFOS will be replaced comprehensively in the future. In recent years, many researchers at home and abroad are also actively developing environment-friendly foam extinguishing agents. The current research and development mainly include two directions. One is to research and develop environment-friendly foam extinguishing agent containing fluorine, which uses short-chains fluorocarbon surfactant to replace long-chains fluorocarbon surfactant, meeting the demand of fire extinguishing while reducing the harm to the environment. Although the environmental concerns have been solved for the time being, it has a short service life, and there is a lack of direct evidence of being environmentally friendly in the long run. Another is the development of fluorine-free environment-friendly foam extinguishing agent, mainly using hydrocarbon surfactants and other surfactants for compounding, among which silicone surfactants is the most widely used. In this paper, the research progress of environment-friendly foam extinguishing agents used in liquid fire in recent years is summarized, and the fluorine containing and fluorine-free foam extinguishing agents are introduced, respectively. The research status and problems of various environment-friendly foam extinguishing agents are summarized, and their development prospects are analyzed and discussed reasonably. It is expected to provide reference for prepa-ring foam extinguishing agents with better effect, better performance and no harm to the environment.
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Research Progress in Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Lead Ions from Wastewater
DING Lin, WANG Pengxiang, LIU Hao, XIONG Mopeng, WANG Huiling
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22070013 -11. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22070013
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Lead is one type of highly poisonous pollutant whose exposure to the aquatic environment seriously threatens the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, treating lead-containing wastewater efficiently, green, and low-carbon is a critical issue that urgently needs to be solved. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have made numerous research advances in the field of Pb
2+
removal from wastewater by adsorption because of their tunable structure, easy synthesis, large specific surface area and high density of functional groups. In this paper, the structure and composition characteristics of functionalized MOFs materials are systematically discussed, the adsorption properties and laws of different types of functionalized MOFs on Pb
2+
in water are compared, and the adsorption mechanism of MOFs materials on Pb
2+
is expounded. Finally, the challenges in the practical application of Pb
2+
adsorption and removal of MOFs are emphatically analyzed, and the key research directions in this field have been prospected for the future.
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfachloropyridazine in Water by Flower-like 2D Carbon Nitride Under Simulated Solar Light
HUANG Taobo, XIE Chenghan, LI Fan, WANG Yifeng, LIU Wen
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):21120162 -6. DOI:10.11896/cldb.21120162
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Supermolecules were prepared using melamine and cyanuric acid as precursors through self-assembly process in dimethyl sulfoxide, which were then undertaken thermal polycondensation reaction to synthesize a two-dimensional (2D) photocatalyst with flower-like morphology. Various characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoelectrochemical measurements, indicate that the fabricated photocatalyst is graphitic carbon nitride (g-C
3
N
4
, SCN). In addition, compared with the bulk g-C
3
N
4
prepared by traditional thermal polycondensation method, SCN exhibites a higher light absorption capability and lower bandgap due to its ultrathin and uniform structure composition. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculation deeply reveals the mechanism of the photocatalytic reactions on SCN. The unique ultrathin carbon nitride sheet and channel structure of SCN can suppress the recombination rate of electron-hole pairs. Sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), a common active pharmaceutical pollutant in wastewater, was taken as the target pollutant in this study. After 45 min irradiation under simulated solar light by SCN, the removal efficiency of SCP reaches up to 100%, and the pseudo first-order kinetic constant (
k
=0.085 min
-1
) of SCP degradation is about twice that of bulk g-C
3
N
4
. This study provides a theoretical guidance for development of photocatalysis technology which can be applied to the purification of pharmaceuticals contaminated wastewater, and also provides a reference for development of new photocatalysts.
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Preparation of Environment-friendly Foam Extinguishing Agent Based on the Silicone Surfactant and Its Fire Extinguishing Performance
JIAO Jinqing, WEI Yuechang, WU Jingfeng, LANG Xuqing, SHANG Zuzheng, MU Shanjun, MU Xiaodong, CUI Pengyu, LU Peng
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22020009 -6. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22020009
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In order to solve the problem of difficult degradation and ecological harm of traditional fluorinated foam extinguishing agents, this work deve-loped an environment-friendly foam extinguishing agent based on silicone surfactant with low toxicity and high surface activity. Results show that the foam extinguishing agent is a uniform and stable solution, with the freezing point of -10.5 ℃, pH of 8.2, expansion of 7.2, 25% drai-nage time of 4.0 min, surface tension of 22.4 mN/m and positive spread coefficient. The BOD
5
/COD value of the foam mixture is 0.37, which possesses good biodegradability and environmental friendliness. And it exhibits excellent fire extinguishing ability, which can successfully quickly extinguish 55B and 144B water-insoluble flammable liquid oil pan fire. The fire extinguishing performance meets the national standard (IIA level). The research results can lay a theoretical foundation and provide experimental data for the research and development of high-efficiency and environment-friendly foam fire extinguishing agent.
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Synthesis Optimization of UiO-66(Zr)/Sodium Alginate Composite Microspheres and Its Removal of As(V) in Water
MA Hui, FANG Yue, WU Yi’nan, LI Fengting
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22050004 -7. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22050004
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In this work,the synthesis of metal-organic framework UiO-66(Zr)/solidum alginate(SA) composite microspheres and its adsorptive removal of As(V) from water were reported. The effects of the addition of UiO-66(Zr) powder and the drying method of the aerogel microspheres on the shaping structure and adsorption performances were comprehensively investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption and adsorption test. UiO-66(Zr)/SA microspheres with the optimal physicochemical properties were obtained by mixing 50wt% powdery UiO-66(Zr), followed by flash freezing dry method. Their adsorption behaviors over As(V) were further explored and compared with a commercial arsenic removal material MN. The results indicate that, the maximum adsorption capacity of the microspheres (18.65 mg/g) is achieved at pH=7.0 with an initial As(V) concentration of 20 mg/L under static adsoption conditon. The results of breakthrough experiment show that the microspheres material containing 1.0 g UiO-66(Zr) can treat at least 1.2 L solution with the As(V) concentration of 100 μg/L, ensuring the effluent concentration below 10 μg/L. The overall performance of UiO-66(Zr)/SA microspheres was superior to MN. Considering the showcase of green and low-cost batch preparation of UiO-66(Zr) reported by the author’s team recently, the UiO-66(Zr)/SA microspheres can be used as a potential sorbent for the deep purification of As(V) in water.
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Performance and Mechanism on Removal of U(Ⅵ) from Aqueous Solution by Nano Zero-valent Iron Loaded on Rock Wool
LI Xiaoyan, FU Xiaohui, LI Guanchao, WANG Yuying, HUANG Xi, LIU Xiaoliang, HU Weifang, LIU Yibao
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22040131 -7. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22040131
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Nano zero-valent iron loaded on rock wool (RW/nZVI) was prepared by liquid phase reduction method, and the material composition and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The removal ability of U(Ⅵ) in solution was taken as the evaluation index, and the isothermal adsorption model and kinetic model was used to study the mechanism on U(Ⅵ) removal from aqueous solution. The results show that the aggregation of nano zero-valent iron can be obviously reduced by being loaded on rock wool, and the removal effect on U(Ⅵ) from the aqueous solution has been improved. The adsorption isotherm accords with Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity by simulation was 79.681 mg/g. The kinetic process accords with the pseudo-secon-dorder adsorption kinetic model and the pseudo-first-order reduction kinetic model, which indicates that the adsorption is monolayer adsorption and U(Ⅵ) in the solution is removed by adsorption and reduction.
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Study on Enhancing Capacitance of Fe-doped δ-MnO
2
by High-energy Ball Milling and Its Mechanism
CHU Yanfang, ZHANG Lin, XIE Bin, YAN Neng, HE Junjie, LI Jing
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22010246 -7. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22010246
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δ-MnO
2
with layered structure is favorable for ion diffusion and charge storage transfer. However, defects such as poor conductivity, small specific surface area and structure agglomeration, limit its electrochemical performance. This work proposed an efficient auxiliary process, in which the agglomeration phenomenon of δ-MnO
2
was inhibited by the high-energy mechanical impact force of ball milling, making the particle size of δ-MnO
2
with dense block structure significantly reduced, the order of the structure disturbed, and more active sites exposed to facilitate the rapid oxidation-reduction reaction. Thus its constraint capacitance and diffusion capacitance were enhanced. By studying the crystal structure, morphology and elemental composition of materials, the influence mechanism of ball milling on electrochemical energy storage of materials was explored. Electrochemical test results show that δ-MnO
2
after ball milling has better electrochemical performance. When the current density is 0.5 A·g
-1
, the specific capacitance is 237.5 F·g
-1
, which increases by 250% compared with that of the δ-MnO
2
nanosheets without ball mil-ling. After 10 000 cycles at 0.5 A·g
-1
current density, δ-MnO
2
can still maintain 90.4% of the initial capacitance. The comprehensive evaluation of δ-MnO
2
by cyclic charge-discharge tests shows that the assisted treatment of δ-MnO
2
by ball milling is an effective means to improve its energy storage performance.
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Study on Efficiency and Mechanism of Visible-light Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Using Cu-ZnO/g-C
3
N
4
Composite
JIANG Zhuwu, SHI Antong, SHEN Junhong
Materials Reports
2022,36(20 ):22030040 -7. DOI:10.11896/cldb.22030040
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With the aim of solving the pollution and remediation issues of antibiotic pollutants in aquatic environment, a novel Cu-ZnO/g-C
3
N
4
composite photocatalyst was synthesized in this work, with Cu-doped ZnO coupled with g-C
3
N
4
. The degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the photocatalytic process of Cu-ZnO/g-C
3
N
4
under visible-light irradiation was investigated. Through various means such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), photoluminescence (PL) and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), the material properties of synthesized photocatalysts were characterized. By using the measurement technology of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), the formed concentration of ·OH during photocatalytic process was quantified to further explore possible reaction mechanism. The results demonstrate that Cu-ZnO/g-C
3
N
4
possesses excellent visible-light responsivity and enhanced charge transfer ability due to a heterojunction effect, thereby CIP degradation rapidly reaching to 97% after 6 h. The reaction rate constant of Cu-ZnO/g-C
3
N
4
is 6.19 times, 2.41 times and 2.06 times larger than that of ZnO, Cu-ZnO and g-C
3
N
4
, respectively. Thus, the synthesized Cu-ZnO/g-C
3
N
4
can serve as an efficient visible-light active photocatalyst for micropollutant removal in water.
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