| METALS AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES |
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| Research Progress of Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Matrix Hot Cathode |
| YUAN Zhiqian1,2,3, ZHOU Zenglin1,2,3,*, LI Yan2, HE Xueliang2, CHEN Wenshuai1,2,3, ZHANG Wanting1,2,3
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1 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
2 GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
3 General Research Institute for Non-ferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China |
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Abstract Thermal electron emission has been studied more than 100 years, recently, the rapid development of electronic devices has led to a cathodic demand surge with enhanced emission properties (such as higher current density, more uniform launch, lower operating temperature and longer service life). This paper reviews the research progress of the thermionic cathode in recent decades, and the relationship between the emission characteristics and composition, structure, and method of diffusion cathode is discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of matrix preparation methods such as solid-solid doping, solid-liquid doping, liquid-liquid doping and spray drying are introduced, and their effects on cathode emission performance are summarized in the same. In addition, the emission mechanism of barium tungsten cathode, coating cathode, mixed-matrix cathode, and scandium cathode, as well as the latest research results in this field have been showed, where the scandium cathode, especially the mixed-matrix top-layer scandium cathode, is considered to be the most valuable cathode due to its outstanding emission perfor-mance. Despite the variety of manufacturing methods, there are still challenges in manufacturing a cathode matrix with high uniformity and high reliability suitable for diffusion cathodes. The microstructure evolution of tungsten alloy matrix during the emission process is unclear, and the explaining of the emission mechanism has limitations, all of which need to be explored and expanded.
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Published:
Online: 2025-10-27
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