INORGANIC MATERIALS AND CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES |
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Recent Advances of Superlubricity |
LIU Xingguang*, ZHANG Kaifeng*, ZHOU Hui, FENG Xingguo, ZHENG Yugang
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Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730010, China |
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Abstract Superlubricity, which describes the state of vanishing friction, was first proposed by Prof. Hirano in 1990. However, not until 2004, nanoscale superlubricity under high vacuum condition was observed in laboratory for the first time. Thereafter, superlubricity quickly became a new research hotspot all over the world, with graphene and other two-dimensional materials being the most intensively studied candidates, due to their unique structures and promising tribological properties. However, the overwhelming majority of superlubricating cases are limited to nano- and microscale, despite of several cases in the range of sub-millimeter scale, and centimeter-long double-walled carbon tube exhibited superlubricity between inner and outer walls. The primary causes are: (i) the tribological behaviour between micro- and macroscales varies significantly, because what happen between the two sliding surfaces (or interfaces) are extremely complicated, i.e. the simultaneously ongoing physical, chemical and mechanical interactions and reactions, with no universal tribological mechanisms or simulation models available; (ii) macroscale components could not meet the requirements of atomically clean and smooth surfaces which are essential for most superlubricity cases observed so far. Therefore, studies on superlubricity are primarily based on two-dimensional materials and limited to strictly-controlled laboratory conditions. In 2012, researchers from Tsinghua University observed self-retraction phenomenon in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, pushing the superlubricating region from nanoscale to microscale. Recently, Lanzhou Institute of Physics made an important breakthrough on the fabrication and application of macroscale superlubricating solid films. A solid superlubricating film with desired properties-large scale, long service life and steady superlubricity, was prepared using reactive magnetron sputtering and applied to the moving parts of a small technology-verification satellite-BP-1B (launched on the 25th July, 2019). The a-C∶H based solid film exhibited satisfying in-space superlubricating performance, bringing this cutting-edge technology (superlubricity) into space for the first time in the world, which sets a landmark in the field of applicable superlubricity technology. This review starts from briefing the recent progresses on superlubricating materials. Then, several typical superlubricating phenomena and the related mechanisms were summarised and described, which in details are introducing nano-scrolling, liquid superlubricity, structural superlubricity, pressure-induced friction collapse, weak interlayer interaction, electrostatic repulsion, normal force or contact modulation and quantum tunneling. Finally, some prospects in the research directions and possible applications of superlubricity technology were made.
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Published: 31 May 2021
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Fund:Key Fund Project of Equipment Pre-research of Equipment Development (61409230603), National Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory Fund (HTKJ2018KL510003). |
About author:: Xingguang Liu received his B.E. and M.S. degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from China University of Petroleum (East China), in 2008 and 2011, respectively,and his Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from the University of Sheffield in 2017. Then he joined the Surface Engineering Division in Lanzhou Institute of Physics and carried on his study on solid-lubricating films, for space applications. With more than 12 years of research experience in surface engineering, he is motivated to fabrication and characterization of nanostructured thin solid films, with rich expertise in thin film fabrication (Physical Vapour Deposition, Laser Cladding, etc.), materials characterization techniques and analysing (e.g. XRD, AFM, FIB/SEM, SEM/EDX, HRTEM, STEM, EELS, EFTEM, particularly nanostructure analysing techniques such as HRTEM and STEM), mechanical and tribological property evaluation, as well as coordinating testing and development. He organised the TriboUK 2014 conference for young researchers in tribology with 5 other colleagues. He participated a large number of international conferences, and presented academic reports, such as ICMCTF (twice), TriboUK (three times), EUROMAT2017, 2nd Workshop on “Superlubricity at nano and mesoscales”, etc. Kaifeng Zhang received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 2007 from Lanzhou University, and then he joined Lanzhou Institute of Physics, dedicated to researches and developments on surface engineering techniques for space mechanisms. He has directed 11 research projects, solved a number of bottleneck problems which limited further developments of more advanced spacecrafts designed by CASC. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed journal/conference papers, with over 400 citations, and filed 11 patents.
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