Abstract: Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon blacks, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, grapheme,carbon nanofibers, carbon nanohorns and so forth, are widely used as catalyst supports in low-temperature fuel cells due to their excellent electrical properties and structural characteristics, such as ultra high surface area and excellent conductivity. However carbonaceous supports are susceptible to corrosion under the harsh chemical and electrochemical oxidation conditions. The corrosion of carbon supports causes detachment and agglomeration of precious meter nanoparticles, which will result in the degradation of catalyst performance. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of carbon supports, enhance the activity and stability of the metal nanoparticles, many researchers dedicated to the preparation of carbon nanomaterials with special structure, or modifying and doping the carbon supports, etc. At the same time, in order to replace expensive precious metal catalysts, the non-precious metal catalysts has also become hot spots, doped carbon nanomaterials is one of them. This paper presents an overview on the preparation and modification of carbon nonamaterials, and the impact on catalyst performance as these modified carbon nanomaterials are used as support in low-temperature fuel cells. This article also introduces the progress of doped carbon nanomaterials as oxygen reduction catalysts.
Rajalakshmi N, Lakshmi N, Dhathathreyan K S.Nano titanium oxi-de catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy,2008,33(24):7521.
[2]
Bennetto H P,Stirling J L,Tanaka K, et al.Anodic reactions in microbial fuel cells[J]. Biotechnol Bioeng,1983,25(2):559.
[3]
Howe K S, Kendall K J.Transient performance of micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells[J]. J Fuel Cell Sci Technol,2011,8(3):5223.
[4]
Costamagna P, Srinivasan S.Quantum jumps in the PEMFC science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000: Part I. Fundamental scientific aspects[J]. J Power Sources,2001,102(s1-2): 242.
[5]
Ren X, Zelenay P, Thomas S, et al.Recent advances in direct metha-nol fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory[J]. J Power Sources,2000,86(1-2):111.
[6]
Steele B C H, Heinzel A. Materials for fuel-cell technologies[J]. Nature, 2001, 414(6861): 345.
[7]
Steele B C H. Material science and engineering: The enabling technology for the commercialisation of fuel cell systems[J]. J Mater Sci,2001,36(5):1053.
[8]
Song C.Fuel processing for low-temperature and high-temperature fuel cells: Challenges, and opportunities for sustainable development in the 21st century[J]. Catal Today,2002,77(1-2):17.
Ralph T R, Hogarth M P.Catalysis for low temperature fuel cells[J]. Platinum Met Rev, 2002, 46(3):117.
[11]
Kinoshita K.Particle size effects for oxygen reduction on highly dispersed platinum in acid electrolytes[J].J Electrochem Soc,1990,137(3):845.
[12]
Yahikozawa K, Fujii Y, Matsuda Y, et al.Electrocatalytic properties of ultrafine platinum particles for oxidation of methanol and formic acid in aqueous solutions[J]. Electrochim Acta, 1991,36(5-6):973.
[13]
Kabbabi A, Gloaguen F, Andolfatto F, et al.Particle-size effect for oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation on Pt/C inside a proton-exchange membrane[J].J Electroanal Chem,1994, 373(1-2):251.
[14]
Yu X, Ye S.Recent advances in activity and durability enhancement of Pt/C catalytic cathode in PEMFC: Part I. Physico-chemical and electronic interaction between Pt and carbon support, and activity enhancement of Pt/C catalyst[J].J Power Sources,2007,172(1):133.
[15]
Vander Wal R L, Ticich T M, Curtis V E. Substrate-support inte-ractions in metal-catalyzed carbon nanofiber growth[J]. Carbon,2001,39(15):2277.
[16]
Augustine R L,Tanielyan S K.Enantioselective heterogeneous catalysis. 2. 1, Examination of the formation of the individual (R) and (S) lactates in the cinchonidine modified platinum hydrogenation of pyruvate[J]. J Mol Catal A Chem,1996,112(1):93.
[17]
Jha N, Leela Mohana Reddy A, Shaijumon M M, et al.Pt-Ru/multi-walled carbon nanotubes as electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cell[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy,2008,33(1):427.
[18]
Yang Wei, Chen Shengzhou, Zou Hanbo, et al.Progress in nitrogen-doped non-noble catalysts for oxygen reduction[J].Chem Ind Eng Progress,2010,29(11):2085(in Chinese).杨伟, 陈胜洲, 邹汉波, 等. 氮掺杂非贵金属氧还原催化剂研究进展[J].化工进展,2010, 29(11):2085.
[19]
Kinoshita K.Carbon: Electrochemical and physico chemical properties[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1988.
[20]
Pyun S I,Lee E J,Kim T Y, et al.Role of surface oxides in corrosion of carbon black in phosphoric acid solution at elevated temperature[J]. Carbon,1994,32(1),155.
[21]
Wang M, Xu F, Liu Q, et al.Enhancing the catalytic performance of Pt/C catalysts using steam-etched carbon blacks as a catalyst support[J]. Carbon,2011,49(1):256.
[22]
Wang M, Xu F, Xie J.Enhanced carbon corrosion resistance for FEFC Pt/C catalysts using steam-etched carbon blacks as a catalyst support[J]. Electrochim Acta,2012,63:295.
[23]
Yasuda K, Nishimura Y.The deposition of ultrafine platinum particles on carbon black by surface ion exchange—Increase in loading amount[J]. Mater Chem Phys,2003,82(3):921.
[24]
Xu F, Wang M, Liu Q, et al.Investigation of the carbon corrosion process for polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a rotating disk electrode technique[J]. J Electrochem Soc,2010,157(8):B1138.
[25]
Sun X, Zhang Y, Song P, et al.Fluorine-doped carbon blacks: Highly efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Catal,2013,3(8):1726.
[26]
Jia N, Wang Z, Yang G, et al.Electrochemical properties of ordered mesoporous carbon and its electroanalytical application for selective determination of dopamine[J]. Electrochem Commun, 2007,9(2):233.
[27]
Jun S, Joo S H, Ryoo R, et al.Synthesis of new, nanoporous carbon with hexagonally ordered mesostructure[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2000,122(43):10712.
[28]
Umar A, Rahman M M, Al-Hajry A, et al.Highly-sensitive cholesterol biosensor based on well-crystallized flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures[J]. Talanta,2009,78(1):284.
[29]
Zhou M, Guo J, Guo L,et al.Electrochemical sensing platform based on the highly ordered mesoporous carbon-fullerene system[J]. Anal Chem,2008,80(12):4642.
[30]
Walcarius A.Impact of mesoporous silica-based materials on electrochemistry and feedback from electrochemical science to the characterization of these ordered materials[J]. Comptes Rendus Chimie,2005,8(3):693.
[31]
Adekunle A S, Ozoemena K I.Electrocatalytic oxidation of diethy-laminoethanethiol and hydrazine at single-walled carbon nanotubes modified with prussian blue nanoparticles[J]. Electroanalysis,2010,22(21):2519.
[32]
Liang C, Dai S.Synthesis of mesoporous carbon materials via enhanced hydrogen-bonding interaction[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2006,128(16):5316.
[33]
Bruno M M, Petruccelli M A, Viva F A, et al.Mesoporous carbon supported PtRu as anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell: Pola-rization measurements and electrochemical impedance analysis of mass transport[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(10):4116.
[34]
Arbizzani C, Beninati S, Manferrari E, et al.Cryo and xerogel carbon supported PtRu for DMFC anodes[J]. J Power Sources,2007,172(2):578.
[35]
Qi J,Jiang L H,Tang Q W,et al.Synthesis of graphitic mesoporous carbons with differentsurface areas and their use in direct methanol fuel cells[J]. Carbon,2012,50(8):2824.
[36]
Lee H I, Joo S H, Kim J H, et al.Ultrastable Pt nanoparticles supported on sulfur-containing ordered mesoporous carbon via strong metal-support interaction[J]. J Mater Chem,2009,19:5934.
[37]
Salgado J R C, Quintana J J,Calvillo L, et al.Carbon monoxide and methanol oxidation at platinum catalysts supported on ordered mesoporous carbon: The influence of functionalization of the support[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys ,2008,10(45):6796.
[38]
Guo Y X, He J P, Wang T, et al.Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of platinum supported on nitrogen modified ordered mesoporous carbon[J]. J Power Sources,2011,196(22):9299.
[39]
Liu R L, Wu D Q, Feng X L, et al.Nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous graphitic arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction[J].Angew Chem,2010,49(14):2565.
[40]
Lu J, Bo X, Wang H, et al.Nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbons synthesized from honey as metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2013,108(1):10.
[41]
Iijima S.Helical microtubules of graphic carbon[J]. Nature,1991,354(6348):56.
[42]
Yin S B, Zhu Q Q, Qiang Y H, et al.Functionalized carbon nanotubes as Pt catalyst supports in methanol oxidation[J].Chin J Catal,2012,33(2):290.
[43]
Murata S,Imanishi M,Hasegawa S, et al.Vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrodes for high current density operating proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources,2014,253:104.
[44]
Hoa L Q, Vestergaard M C, Yoshikawa H, et al.Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as supporting matrix for enhanced ethanol oxidation on Pt-based catalysts[J]. Electrochem Commun,2011,13(7):746.
[45]
Cheng Y, Jiang S P.Highly effective and CO-tolerant PtRu electrocatalysts supported on poly(ethyleneimine) functionalized carbon nanotubes for direct methanol fuel cells[J]. Electrochim Acta,2013,99:124.
[46]
Liu Z W, Shi Q Q, Peng F, et al.Pt supported on phosphorus-doped carbon nanotube as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells[J].Electrochem Commun,2012,16(1):73.
[47]
Chen Z, Higgins D, Chen Z.Electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes with different morphologies for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Electrochim Acta,2010,55(16):4799.
[48]
Lefèvre M, Proietti E, Jaouen F, et al.Iron-based catalysts with improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. Science,2009,324(5923):71.
[49]
Gong K, Du F, Xia Z, et al.Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction[J]. Science,2009,323(5915):760.
[50]
Geim A K, Novoselov K S.The rise of graphene[J]. Nat Mater,2007,6(3):183.
[51]
Chen D, Tang L H, Li J H.Graphene-based materials in electrochemistry[J].Chem Soc Rev, 2010,39(8):3157.
[52]
Brownson D A C, Kampouris D K, Banks C E. An overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications[J]. J Power Sources,2011,196(11):4873.
[53]
Yoo E J, Okata T, Akita T, et al.Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pt subnanoclusters on graphene nanosheet surface[J]. Nano Lett,2009,9(6):2255.
[54]
Seger B, Kamat P V.Electrocatalytically active graphene-platinum nanocomposites. Role of 2-D carbon support in PEM fuel cells[J]. J Phys Chem C,2009,113(19):7990.
[55]
Novoselov K S, Geim A K, et al.Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J]. Science, 2004,306(5696):666.
[56]
Schniepp H C, Li J L, McAllister M J, et al. Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide[J]. J Phys Chem B,2006,110(17):8535.
[57]
Li Y F, Zhou Z, Shen P W, et al.Structural and electronic properties of graphane nanoribbons[J].The J Phys Chem C,2009,113(33):15043.
[58]
Chen X M, Su B Y, Wu G H, et al.Platinum nanoflowers supported on graphene oxide nanosheets: Their greensynthesis, growth mechanism, and advanced electrocatalytic properties formethanol oxi-dation[J].J Mater Chem,2012,22(22):11284.
[59]
Brodie B C. Sur le poids atomique du graphite[J].Annales de Chimie et de Physique,1860,59:466.
[60]
Staudenmaier L. Verfahren zur darstellung der graphitsäure[J]. Eur J Inorg Chem,1898,31(2): 1481.
[61]
Hummers Jr W S, Offeman R E. Preparation of graphitic oxide[J]. J Am Chem Soc,1958, 80(6):1339.
[62]
Dong L, Gari R R S, Li Z, et al. Graphene-supported platinum and platinum-ruthenium nanoparticles with high electrocatalytic activity for methanol and ethanol oxidation[J]. Carbon, 2010,48(3):781.
[63]
Hsieh S H, Hsu M C, Liu W L, et al.Study of Pt catalyst on graphene and its application to fuel cell[J]. Appl Surf Sci,2013,277(4):223.
[64]
Wietecha M S, Zhu J, Gao G, et al.Platinum nanoparticles anchored on chelating group-modified graphene for methanol oxidation[J]. J Power Sources,2012,198(1):30.
[65]
Huang H, Chen Q, He M, et al.A ternary Pt/MnO2/graphene nanohybrid with an ultrahigh electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation[J]. J Power Sources,2013,239:189.
[66]
Xin Y, Liu J, Jie X, et al.Preparation and electrochemical characterization of nitrogen doped graphene by microwave as supporting materials for fuel cell catalysts[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2012,60:354.
[67]
Bai J, Zhu Q, Lv Z, et al.Nitrogen-doped graphene as catalysts and catalyst supports for oxygen reduction in both acidic and alkaline solutions[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(3):1413.
[68]
Zhang L P, Xia Z H.Mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction on nitrogen-doped graphene for fuel cells[J]. J Phys Chem C,2011,115(22):11170.
[69]
Zhong Y L, Mo Z Y, Yang L J, et al.Application of modified graphene for cathode catalysts in fuel cells[J].Progress Chem,2013,25(05):717(in Chinese).钟轶良, 莫再勇, 杨莉君,等. 改性石墨烯用作燃料电池阴极催化剂[J].化学进展,2013, 25(05):717.
[70]
Qu L, Liu Y, Baek J, et al.Nitrogen-doped graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in fuel cells[J]. ACS Nano,2010,4(3):1321.
[71]
Liang J, Jiao Y, Jaroniec M, et al.Sulfur and nitrogen dual-doped mesoporous graphene electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction with sy-nergistically enhanced performance[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed,2012,51(46):11496.
[72]
Al-Saleh M H, Sundararaj U. A review of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polymer conductive composites[J]. Carbon,2009,47(1):2.
[73]
Sebastián D, Lázaro M J, Suelves I, et al.The influence of carbon nanofiber support properties on the oxygen reduction behavior in proton conducting electrolyte-based direct methanol fuel cells[J].Int J Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(7):6253.
[74]
Duan Q, Wang B, Wang J, et al.Fabrication of a carbon nanofiber sheet as a micro-porous layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources,2010,195(24):8189.
[75]
Hang B T, Thang D H, Kobayashi E.Fe/carbon nanofiber compo-site materials for Fe-air battery anodes[J]. J Electroanal Chem,2013,704:145.
[76]
Wiselin J, Suseela S B, Jalaja B V, et al.A low cost carbon nanofiber based spiral inductor: Inference and implementation[J].Adv Mater Sci Eng,2014(2014):1125.
[77]
Rand E, et al.A carbon nanofiber based biosensor for simultaneous detection of dopamine and serotonin in the presence of ascorbic acid[J]. Biosensors Bioelectron,2013,42C(1):434.
[78]
Wu R, Xue Y, Qian X, et al.Pt nanodendrites anchored on bamboo-shaped carbon nanofiber arrays as highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2013,38(36):16677.
[79]
Á lvarez G, Alcaide F, et al. Electrochemical performance of low temperature PEMFC with surface tailored carbon nanofibers as catalyst support[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2012,37(1):393.
[80]
Yin J, Qiu Y J, Yu J J.Porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers as highly efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Electroanal Chem,2013,702(2):56.
[81]
Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Piner R D, et al.Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide[J]. Carbon,2007,45(7):1558.
[82]
Yang S, Shen C, Lu X, et al.Preparation and electrochemistry of graphene nanosheets-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid nanomaterials as Pd electrocatalyst support for formic acid oxidation[J]. Electrochim Acta,2012,62(1):242.
[83]
Li Y, Li Y, Zhu E, et al.Stabilization of high-performance oxygen reduction reaction Pt electrocatalyst supported on reduced graphene oxide/carbon black composite[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2012,134(30):12326.
渝公网安备50019002502923号 版权所有：《材料导报》编辑部
2017, Vol. 31 
